All in the Family : State Capture in Tunisia
This paper examines the relationship between regulation and the business interests of President Ben Ali and his family, using firm-level data from Tunisia for 1994-2010. Data on investment regulations are merged with balance sheet and firm-level census data in which 220 firms owned by the Ben Ali family are identified. These connected firms outperform their competitors in terms of employment, output, market share, profits, and growth and sectors in which they are active are disproportionately subject to authorization requirements and restriction on foreign direct investment. Consistent with theories of capture, performance differences between connected firms and their peers are significantly larger in highly regulated sectors. In addition, the introduction of new foreign direct investment restrictions and authorization requirements in narrowly defined five-digit sectors is correlated with the presence of connected firms and with their startup, suggesting that regulation is endogenous to state capture. The evidence implies that Tunisia's industrial policy was used as a vehicle for rent creation for the president and his family.
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dig-okr-10986177262024-08-08T14:06:05Z All in the Family : State Capture in Tunisia Nucifora, Antonio Rijkers, Bob Freund, Caroline ACCOUNTING AFFILIATED ORGANIZATIONS AIR AIR TRANSPORT AIRLINE INDUSTRY AUTHORIZATION REQUIREMENT AUTHORIZATION REQUIREMENTS AUTOMOBILE AUTOMOBILES BAILOUTS BALANCE SHEET BALANCE SHEET INFORMATION BANK ACCOUNTS BANK POLICY BARRIERS TO ENTRY BUSINESS COMMUNITY BUSINESS REGULATIONS CAPITAL CONTROLS CAPITAL INTENSITY CAPITAL STOCK CAR CARS CHECKS COMPANY COMPETITORS DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DIVIDEND DRIVING DUMMY VARIABLE DUMMY VARIABLES ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE EMPLOYMENT ENTREPRENEURS ENTREPRENEURSHIP ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT FACE VALUE FINANCIAL SERVICES FIRM PERFORMANCE FIRM SIZE FIRMS FOREIGN COMPETITION FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FOREIGN EQUITY FOREIGN FIRMS FOREIGN FUNDS FOREIGN INVESTMENT FOREIGN INVESTORS FOREIGN OWNERSHIP GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION GROWTH RATES INCOME INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS INTERNATIONAL TRADE INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT INVESTMENT CODE INVESTMENT INCENTIVES INVESTMENT POLICIES INVESTMENT POLICY INVESTMENT PROMOTION INVESTMENT REGULATION INVESTMENT REGULATIONS INVESTMENT RESTRICTIONS IPO LEVEL PLAYING FIELD LICENSING MARITIME TRANSPORT MARKET ACCESS MARKET CONCENTRATION MARKET FAILURE MARKET FAILURES MARKET PLAYERS MARKET SHARE MARKET SHARES MARKET STRUCTURE MARKET VALUE MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT MONETARY FUND MONEY LAUNDERING MONOPOLY OUTPUT POLITICAL ECONOMY PORTFOLIO POSITIVE COEFFICIENT PREFERENTIAL ACCESS PRIVATE SCHOOL PROFIT MARGINS PROFITABILITY RAILROAD RAILWAY RAPID GROWTH REAL ESTATE REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS REGULATORY RESTRICTIONS RENTS RESTRICTIONS ON ENTRY ROAD TRANSPORT ROADS RULE OF LAW SME SME DEVELOPMENT STARTUP STATE CAPTURE STOCK MARKET STOCK MARKET CAPITALIZATION STOCK PORTFOLIOS TAX TAX BREAKS TAX DEFERRALS TAX RATES TAX REGIME TAXATION TAXIS TELECOMMUNICATIONS TRANSFER OF OWNERSHIP TRANSPORTS TRUE TURNOVER VEHICLE WAREHOUSES WEALTH This paper examines the relationship between regulation and the business interests of President Ben Ali and his family, using firm-level data from Tunisia for 1994-2010. Data on investment regulations are merged with balance sheet and firm-level census data in which 220 firms owned by the Ben Ali family are identified. These connected firms outperform their competitors in terms of employment, output, market share, profits, and growth and sectors in which they are active are disproportionately subject to authorization requirements and restriction on foreign direct investment. Consistent with theories of capture, performance differences between connected firms and their peers are significantly larger in highly regulated sectors. In addition, the introduction of new foreign direct investment restrictions and authorization requirements in narrowly defined five-digit sectors is correlated with the presence of connected firms and with their startup, suggesting that regulation is endogenous to state capture. The evidence implies that Tunisia's industrial policy was used as a vehicle for rent creation for the president and his family. 2014-04-10T19:52:23Z 2014-04-10T19:52:23Z 2014-03 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/03/19291754/all-family-state-capture-tunisia https://hdl.handle.net/10986/17726 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper;No. 6810 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ application/pdf text/plain World Bank, Washington, DC |
institution |
Banco Mundial |
collection |
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country |
Estados Unidos |
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US |
component |
Bibliográfico |
access |
En linea |
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dig-okr |
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biblioteca |
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America del Norte |
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Biblioteca del Banco Mundial |
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English en_US |
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ACCOUNTING AFFILIATED ORGANIZATIONS AIR AIR TRANSPORT AIRLINE INDUSTRY AUTHORIZATION REQUIREMENT AUTHORIZATION REQUIREMENTS AUTOMOBILE AUTOMOBILES BAILOUTS BALANCE SHEET BALANCE SHEET INFORMATION BANK ACCOUNTS BANK POLICY BARRIERS TO ENTRY BUSINESS COMMUNITY BUSINESS REGULATIONS CAPITAL CONTROLS CAPITAL INTENSITY CAPITAL STOCK CAR CARS CHECKS COMPANY COMPETITORS DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DIVIDEND DRIVING DUMMY VARIABLE DUMMY VARIABLES ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE EMPLOYMENT ENTREPRENEURS ENTREPRENEURSHIP ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT FACE VALUE FINANCIAL SERVICES FIRM PERFORMANCE FIRM SIZE FIRMS FOREIGN COMPETITION FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FOREIGN EQUITY FOREIGN FIRMS FOREIGN FUNDS FOREIGN INVESTMENT FOREIGN INVESTORS FOREIGN OWNERSHIP GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION GROWTH RATES INCOME INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS INTERNATIONAL TRADE INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT INVESTMENT CODE INVESTMENT INCENTIVES INVESTMENT POLICIES INVESTMENT POLICY INVESTMENT PROMOTION INVESTMENT REGULATION INVESTMENT REGULATIONS INVESTMENT RESTRICTIONS IPO LEVEL PLAYING FIELD LICENSING MARITIME TRANSPORT MARKET ACCESS MARKET CONCENTRATION MARKET FAILURE MARKET FAILURES MARKET PLAYERS MARKET SHARE MARKET SHARES MARKET STRUCTURE MARKET VALUE MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT MONETARY FUND MONEY LAUNDERING MONOPOLY OUTPUT POLITICAL ECONOMY PORTFOLIO POSITIVE COEFFICIENT PREFERENTIAL ACCESS PRIVATE SCHOOL PROFIT MARGINS PROFITABILITY RAILROAD RAILWAY RAPID GROWTH REAL ESTATE REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS REGULATORY RESTRICTIONS RENTS RESTRICTIONS ON ENTRY ROAD TRANSPORT ROADS RULE OF LAW SME SME DEVELOPMENT STARTUP STATE CAPTURE STOCK MARKET STOCK MARKET CAPITALIZATION STOCK PORTFOLIOS TAX TAX BREAKS TAX DEFERRALS TAX RATES TAX REGIME TAXATION TAXIS TELECOMMUNICATIONS TRANSFER OF OWNERSHIP TRANSPORTS TRUE TURNOVER VEHICLE WAREHOUSES WEALTH ACCOUNTING AFFILIATED ORGANIZATIONS AIR AIR TRANSPORT AIRLINE INDUSTRY AUTHORIZATION REQUIREMENT AUTHORIZATION REQUIREMENTS AUTOMOBILE AUTOMOBILES BAILOUTS BALANCE SHEET BALANCE SHEET INFORMATION BANK ACCOUNTS BANK POLICY BARRIERS TO ENTRY BUSINESS COMMUNITY BUSINESS REGULATIONS CAPITAL CONTROLS CAPITAL INTENSITY CAPITAL STOCK CAR CARS CHECKS COMPANY COMPETITORS DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DIVIDEND DRIVING DUMMY VARIABLE DUMMY VARIABLES ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE EMPLOYMENT ENTREPRENEURS ENTREPRENEURSHIP ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT FACE VALUE FINANCIAL SERVICES FIRM PERFORMANCE FIRM SIZE FIRMS FOREIGN COMPETITION FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FOREIGN EQUITY FOREIGN FIRMS FOREIGN FUNDS FOREIGN INVESTMENT FOREIGN INVESTORS FOREIGN OWNERSHIP GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION GROWTH RATES INCOME INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS INTERNATIONAL TRADE INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT INVESTMENT CODE INVESTMENT INCENTIVES INVESTMENT POLICIES INVESTMENT POLICY INVESTMENT PROMOTION INVESTMENT REGULATION INVESTMENT REGULATIONS INVESTMENT RESTRICTIONS IPO LEVEL PLAYING FIELD LICENSING MARITIME TRANSPORT MARKET ACCESS MARKET CONCENTRATION MARKET FAILURE MARKET FAILURES MARKET PLAYERS MARKET SHARE MARKET SHARES MARKET STRUCTURE MARKET VALUE MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT MONETARY FUND MONEY LAUNDERING MONOPOLY OUTPUT POLITICAL ECONOMY PORTFOLIO POSITIVE COEFFICIENT PREFERENTIAL ACCESS PRIVATE SCHOOL PROFIT MARGINS PROFITABILITY RAILROAD RAILWAY RAPID GROWTH REAL ESTATE REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS REGULATORY RESTRICTIONS RENTS RESTRICTIONS ON ENTRY ROAD TRANSPORT ROADS RULE OF LAW SME SME DEVELOPMENT STARTUP STATE CAPTURE STOCK MARKET STOCK MARKET CAPITALIZATION STOCK PORTFOLIOS TAX TAX BREAKS TAX DEFERRALS TAX RATES TAX REGIME TAXATION TAXIS TELECOMMUNICATIONS TRANSFER OF OWNERSHIP TRANSPORTS TRUE TURNOVER VEHICLE WAREHOUSES WEALTH |
spellingShingle |
ACCOUNTING AFFILIATED ORGANIZATIONS AIR AIR TRANSPORT AIRLINE INDUSTRY AUTHORIZATION REQUIREMENT AUTHORIZATION REQUIREMENTS AUTOMOBILE AUTOMOBILES BAILOUTS BALANCE SHEET BALANCE SHEET INFORMATION BANK ACCOUNTS BANK POLICY BARRIERS TO ENTRY BUSINESS COMMUNITY BUSINESS REGULATIONS CAPITAL CONTROLS CAPITAL INTENSITY CAPITAL STOCK CAR CARS CHECKS COMPANY COMPETITORS DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DIVIDEND DRIVING DUMMY VARIABLE DUMMY VARIABLES ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE EMPLOYMENT ENTREPRENEURS ENTREPRENEURSHIP ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT FACE VALUE FINANCIAL SERVICES FIRM PERFORMANCE FIRM SIZE FIRMS FOREIGN COMPETITION FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FOREIGN EQUITY FOREIGN FIRMS FOREIGN FUNDS FOREIGN INVESTMENT FOREIGN INVESTORS FOREIGN OWNERSHIP GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION GROWTH RATES INCOME INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS INTERNATIONAL TRADE INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT INVESTMENT CODE INVESTMENT INCENTIVES INVESTMENT POLICIES INVESTMENT POLICY INVESTMENT PROMOTION INVESTMENT REGULATION INVESTMENT REGULATIONS INVESTMENT RESTRICTIONS IPO LEVEL PLAYING FIELD LICENSING MARITIME TRANSPORT MARKET ACCESS MARKET CONCENTRATION MARKET FAILURE MARKET FAILURES MARKET PLAYERS MARKET SHARE MARKET SHARES MARKET STRUCTURE MARKET VALUE MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT MONETARY FUND MONEY LAUNDERING MONOPOLY OUTPUT POLITICAL ECONOMY PORTFOLIO POSITIVE COEFFICIENT PREFERENTIAL ACCESS PRIVATE SCHOOL PROFIT MARGINS PROFITABILITY RAILROAD RAILWAY RAPID GROWTH REAL ESTATE REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS REGULATORY RESTRICTIONS RENTS RESTRICTIONS ON ENTRY ROAD TRANSPORT ROADS RULE OF LAW SME SME DEVELOPMENT STARTUP STATE CAPTURE STOCK MARKET STOCK MARKET CAPITALIZATION STOCK PORTFOLIOS TAX TAX BREAKS TAX DEFERRALS TAX RATES TAX REGIME TAXATION TAXIS TELECOMMUNICATIONS TRANSFER OF OWNERSHIP TRANSPORTS TRUE TURNOVER VEHICLE WAREHOUSES WEALTH ACCOUNTING AFFILIATED ORGANIZATIONS AIR AIR TRANSPORT AIRLINE INDUSTRY AUTHORIZATION REQUIREMENT AUTHORIZATION REQUIREMENTS AUTOMOBILE AUTOMOBILES BAILOUTS BALANCE SHEET BALANCE SHEET INFORMATION BANK ACCOUNTS BANK POLICY BARRIERS TO ENTRY BUSINESS COMMUNITY BUSINESS REGULATIONS CAPITAL CONTROLS CAPITAL INTENSITY CAPITAL STOCK CAR CARS CHECKS COMPANY COMPETITORS DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DIVIDEND DRIVING DUMMY VARIABLE DUMMY VARIABLES ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE EMPLOYMENT ENTREPRENEURS ENTREPRENEURSHIP ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT FACE VALUE FINANCIAL SERVICES FIRM PERFORMANCE FIRM SIZE FIRMS FOREIGN COMPETITION FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FOREIGN EQUITY FOREIGN FIRMS FOREIGN FUNDS FOREIGN INVESTMENT FOREIGN INVESTORS FOREIGN OWNERSHIP GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION GROWTH RATES INCOME INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS INTERNATIONAL TRADE INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT INVESTMENT CODE INVESTMENT INCENTIVES INVESTMENT POLICIES INVESTMENT POLICY INVESTMENT PROMOTION INVESTMENT REGULATION INVESTMENT REGULATIONS INVESTMENT RESTRICTIONS IPO LEVEL PLAYING FIELD LICENSING MARITIME TRANSPORT MARKET ACCESS MARKET CONCENTRATION MARKET FAILURE MARKET FAILURES MARKET PLAYERS MARKET SHARE MARKET SHARES MARKET STRUCTURE MARKET VALUE MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT MONETARY FUND MONEY LAUNDERING MONOPOLY OUTPUT POLITICAL ECONOMY PORTFOLIO POSITIVE COEFFICIENT PREFERENTIAL ACCESS PRIVATE SCHOOL PROFIT MARGINS PROFITABILITY RAILROAD RAILWAY RAPID GROWTH REAL ESTATE REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS REGULATORY RESTRICTIONS RENTS RESTRICTIONS ON ENTRY ROAD TRANSPORT ROADS RULE OF LAW SME SME DEVELOPMENT STARTUP STATE CAPTURE STOCK MARKET STOCK MARKET CAPITALIZATION STOCK PORTFOLIOS TAX TAX BREAKS TAX DEFERRALS TAX RATES TAX REGIME TAXATION TAXIS TELECOMMUNICATIONS TRANSFER OF OWNERSHIP TRANSPORTS TRUE TURNOVER VEHICLE WAREHOUSES WEALTH Nucifora, Antonio Rijkers, Bob Freund, Caroline All in the Family : State Capture in Tunisia |
description |
This paper examines the relationship
between regulation and the business interests of President
Ben Ali and his family, using firm-level data from Tunisia
for 1994-2010. Data on investment regulations are merged
with balance sheet and firm-level census data in which 220
firms owned by the Ben Ali family are identified. These
connected firms outperform their competitors in terms of
employment, output, market share, profits, and growth and
sectors in which they are active are disproportionately
subject to authorization requirements and restriction on
foreign direct investment. Consistent with theories of
capture, performance differences between connected firms and
their peers are significantly larger in highly regulated
sectors. In addition, the introduction of new foreign direct
investment restrictions and authorization requirements in
narrowly defined five-digit sectors is correlated with the
presence of connected firms and with their startup,
suggesting that regulation is endogenous to state capture.
The evidence implies that Tunisia's industrial policy
was used as a vehicle for rent creation for the president
and his family. |
topic_facet |
ACCOUNTING AFFILIATED ORGANIZATIONS AIR AIR TRANSPORT AIRLINE INDUSTRY AUTHORIZATION REQUIREMENT AUTHORIZATION REQUIREMENTS AUTOMOBILE AUTOMOBILES BAILOUTS BALANCE SHEET BALANCE SHEET INFORMATION BANK ACCOUNTS BANK POLICY BARRIERS TO ENTRY BUSINESS COMMUNITY BUSINESS REGULATIONS CAPITAL CONTROLS CAPITAL INTENSITY CAPITAL STOCK CAR CARS CHECKS COMPANY COMPETITORS DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DIVIDEND DRIVING DUMMY VARIABLE DUMMY VARIABLES ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE EMPLOYMENT ENTREPRENEURS ENTREPRENEURSHIP ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT FACE VALUE FINANCIAL SERVICES FIRM PERFORMANCE FIRM SIZE FIRMS FOREIGN COMPETITION FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FOREIGN EQUITY FOREIGN FIRMS FOREIGN FUNDS FOREIGN INVESTMENT FOREIGN INVESTORS FOREIGN OWNERSHIP GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION GROWTH RATES INCOME INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS INTERNATIONAL TRADE INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT INVESTMENT CODE INVESTMENT INCENTIVES INVESTMENT POLICIES INVESTMENT POLICY INVESTMENT PROMOTION INVESTMENT REGULATION INVESTMENT REGULATIONS INVESTMENT RESTRICTIONS IPO LEVEL PLAYING FIELD LICENSING MARITIME TRANSPORT MARKET ACCESS MARKET CONCENTRATION MARKET FAILURE MARKET FAILURES MARKET PLAYERS MARKET SHARE MARKET SHARES MARKET STRUCTURE MARKET VALUE MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT MONETARY FUND MONEY LAUNDERING MONOPOLY OUTPUT POLITICAL ECONOMY PORTFOLIO POSITIVE COEFFICIENT PREFERENTIAL ACCESS PRIVATE SCHOOL PROFIT MARGINS PROFITABILITY RAILROAD RAILWAY RAPID GROWTH REAL ESTATE REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS REGULATORY RESTRICTIONS RENTS RESTRICTIONS ON ENTRY ROAD TRANSPORT ROADS RULE OF LAW SME SME DEVELOPMENT STARTUP STATE CAPTURE STOCK MARKET STOCK MARKET CAPITALIZATION STOCK PORTFOLIOS TAX TAX BREAKS TAX DEFERRALS TAX RATES TAX REGIME TAXATION TAXIS TELECOMMUNICATIONS TRANSFER OF OWNERSHIP TRANSPORTS TRUE TURNOVER VEHICLE WAREHOUSES WEALTH |
author |
Nucifora, Antonio Rijkers, Bob Freund, Caroline |
author_facet |
Nucifora, Antonio Rijkers, Bob Freund, Caroline |
author_sort |
Nucifora, Antonio |
title |
All in the Family : State Capture in Tunisia |
title_short |
All in the Family : State Capture in Tunisia |
title_full |
All in the Family : State Capture in Tunisia |
title_fullStr |
All in the Family : State Capture in Tunisia |
title_full_unstemmed |
All in the Family : State Capture in Tunisia |
title_sort |
all in the family : state capture in tunisia |
publisher |
World Bank, Washington, DC |
publishDate |
2014-03 |
url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/03/19291754/all-family-state-capture-tunisia https://hdl.handle.net/10986/17726 |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT nuciforaantonio allinthefamilystatecaptureintunisia AT rijkersbob allinthefamilystatecaptureintunisia AT freundcaroline allinthefamilystatecaptureintunisia |
_version_ |
1807159007163449344 |