Gender Effects of Social Security Reform in Chile

Cox Edwards, Alejandra

Gender Effects of Social Security Reform in Chile

In 1981 Chile replaced a mature government-run social security system that operated on a pay-as-you-go basis with a privately managed system based on individual retirement accounts. The new system is more fiscally sustainable because pension benefits are defined by contributions. The minimum pension guaranteed to beneficiaries with at least 20 years is funded from general taxes, preserving the tight matching between contributions and benefits. The new system also eliminates several cross-subsidies. Men and women with less than secondary education gain under the new system, but single women with more education lose. Comparison of the old and the new systems reveals a complex set of factors that cause gender effects given constant behavior or change behavior across genders.

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Cox Edwards, Alejandra
Format:	Journal Article biblioteca
Language:	English en_US
Published:	Washington, DC: World Bank 2002-09
Subjects:	ANNUITY, BENEFITS FOR WOMEN, COMPENSATION, CONTRIBUTION RATES, CONTRIBUTION SYSTEM, CONTRIBUTIONS OF WOMEN, CULTURAL CHANGE, DEFINED CONTRIBUTION SYSTEM, DISABILITY, DISABILITY PENSIONS, EARLY DEATH, EDUCATED WOMEN, ELDERLY, ELDERLY MEN, ELDERLY POPULATION, ELDERLY WOMEN, EXTENDED FAMILY, FAMILIES, FAMILY PLAN, FEMALE, FEMALE WORK, FEMALES, FUTURE PENSION, GENDER, GENDER BIAS, GENDER DIFFERENCE, GENDER DIFFERENCES, GENDER DISPARITY, GENDER GAP, GENDER IMPACT, GENDERS, HEALTH CARE, HEALTH INSURANCE, HIGHLY EDUCATED WOMEN, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUSBAND, HUSBANDS, INCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIES, INDEXED ANNUITY, INDIVIDUAL BENEFITS, INDIVIDUAL INCOMES, INDIVIDUAL RETIREMENT ACCOUNTS, INSURANCE, INSURANCE COMPANIES, INSURANCE COMPANY, JOINT ANNUITIES, JOINT ANNUITY, LABOR FORCE, LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKETS, LAWS, LEVEL OF EDUCATION, LIFE EXPECTANCIES, LIFE EXPECTANCY, LIVING STANDARDS, LONGER LIFE, MARITAL STATUS, MARRIAGE AGE, MARRIED COUPLE, MARRIED COUPLES, MARRIED MAN, MARRIED MEN, MARRIED WOMAN, MARRIED WOMEN, MINIMUM BENEFIT, MINIMUM INCOME, MINIMUM INCOMES, MULTIPILLAR SYSTEM, NATIONAL HEALTH SYSTEM, OLD AGE, OLD SYSTEM, OLD-AGE, OLD-AGE PENSIONS, OLDER WOMEN, PARENTS, PAY-AS-YOU-GO SYSTEM, PAYROLL TAX, PAYROLL TAXES, PENSION, PENSION AGE, PENSION AGES, PENSION AT RETIREMENT, PENSION BENEFITS, PENSION FUND, PENSION FUNDS, PENSION INSURANCE, PENSION PROGRAM, PENSION REFORM, PENSION SYSTEM, PENSIONABLE AGE, PENSIONER, PENSIONS, POLICY RESEARCH, PREMATURE DEATH, PRIMARY SCHOOLING, PUBLIC PILLAR, REPLACEMENT RATE, REPLACEMENT RATES, RESPECT, RETIREE, RETIREMENT, RETIREMENT AGE, RETIREMENT AGES, RETIREMENT BENEFIT, RETIREMENT BENEFITS, RETIREMENT INCOME, RETIREMENT INCOMES, RETIREMENT PLAN, RURAL AREAS, SAFETY NET, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SECONDARY SCHOOL, SECONDARY SCHOOL EDUCATION, SECONDARY SCHOOLING, SEX, SINGLE MEN, SINGLE WOMEN, SOCIAL SECURITY, SOCIAL SECURITY BENEFITS, SOCIAL SECURITY REFORM, SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM, SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEMS, STATE UNIVERSITY, TAX RATE, TAX RATES, URBAN AREAS, URBAN WOMEN, VULNERABILITY, WIDOW, WIDOWS, WIFE, WILL, WIVES, WORKING WOMEN, WORKING-AGE POPULATION, YOUNG WOMEN,
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2002/09/17741988/gender-effects-social-security-reform-chile http://hdl.handle.net/10986/17211
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