The Global Child Labor Problem : What Do We Know and What Can We Do?

The problem of child labor has moved from a matter of regional and national concern to one of international debate and possible global persuasion and policy intervention. In crafting policy for mitigating this enormous problem of our times, it is important to start with a proper theoretical and empirical understanding of the phenomenon. What gives rise to child labor, and what are its consequences? What interventions might end child labor without hurting children? A well-meaning but poorly designed policy can exacerbate the poverty in which these laboring children live, even leading to starvation. The article surveys the large and rapidly growing literature on this subject, focusing mainly on the new literature based on modern economic theory and econometrics. It also looks at some of the broad policy implications of these new findings, with the objective of contributing to better informed discussion and policy design.

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Basu, Kaushik, Tzannatos, Zafiris
Format: Journal Article biblioteca
Language:English
en_US
Published: Washington, DC: World Bank 2003-05
Subjects:ACCOUNT, ADOLESCENTS, ADVERSE EFFECTS, ADVISORY SERVICES, AGE GROUPS, APPRENTICESHIP, ARMED CONFLICT, BARGAINING, BONDED LABOR, CARPET INDUSTRY, CHILD EDUCATION, CHILD LABOR, CHILD LABOR DECLINE, CHILD LABOR DETERRENCE ACT, CHILD LABOR FORCE, CHILD LABOR LAWS, CHILD LABOR STANDARDS, CHILD LABOUR, CHILD PARTICIPATION, CHILD WELFARE, CHILD WORK, CHILD WORKER, CHILD WORKERS, CHILDHOOD, CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD, CORE LABOR STANDARDS, DEBT BONDAGE, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMIC THEORY, ECONOMICS, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, EFFICIENCY WAGE THEORY, EMPLOYING CHILDREN, EXTERNALITIES, FINANCIAL MARKETS, FORCED LABOR, FREE TRADE, GUARDIANS, HAZARDOUS CHILD LABOR, HAZARDOUS LABOR, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN RIGHTS, INCOME, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, INDIAN CHILDREN, INSURANCE, INTERNATIONAL CHILD LABOR STANDARDS, INTERNATIONAL LAW, INVESTIGATION, INVESTIGATIONS, JOBS, LABOR ECONOMICS, LABOR FORCE, LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, LABOR LAWS, LABOR MARKET, LABOR MARKETS, LABOR RELATIONS, LABOR STANDARDS, LABOR SUPPLY, LABORERS, LABOUR OFFICE, LABOUR STANDARDS, LABOUR STUDY, LEGISLATION, LIVING STANDARDS, MARKET WAGE, MARKET WAGES, MINIMUM WAGE, MULTIPLE EQUILIBRIA, OCCUPATION, OLDER SIBLINGS, ORPHANS, PARENTAL EDUCATION, PARENTS, POLITICAL ECONOMY, PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY, PRODUCTIVITY, PROSTITUTION, PUBLIC OPINION, PUBLIC SERVICE, RIGHTS OF THE CHILD, SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, SOCIAL PROTECTION, TRADE LIBERALIZATION, UNEMPLOYED, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, UNSKILLED WORKERS, WAGE DETERMINATION, WAGE DIFFERENTIAL, WAGE RATE, WAGES, WORKING CHILDREN, WORKING CONDITIONS, WORKING HOURS, YOUNGER SIBLINGS,
Online Access:http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2003/05/17741863/global-child-labor-problem-know-can
https://hdl.handle.net/10986/17176
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id dig-okr-1098617176
record_format koha
spelling dig-okr-10986171762024-08-08T14:34:40Z The Global Child Labor Problem : What Do We Know and What Can We Do? Basu, Kaushik Tzannatos, Zafiris ACCOUNT ADOLESCENTS ADVERSE EFFECTS ADVISORY SERVICES AGE GROUPS APPRENTICESHIP ARMED CONFLICT BARGAINING BONDED LABOR CARPET INDUSTRY CHILD EDUCATION CHILD LABOR CHILD LABOR DECLINE CHILD LABOR DETERRENCE ACT CHILD LABOR FORCE CHILD LABOR LAWS CHILD LABOR STANDARDS CHILD LABOUR CHILD PARTICIPATION CHILD WELFARE CHILD WORK CHILD WORKER CHILD WORKERS CHILDHOOD CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD CORE LABOR STANDARDS DEBT BONDAGE DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC THEORY ECONOMICS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT EFFICIENCY WAGE THEORY EMPLOYING CHILDREN EXTERNALITIES FINANCIAL MARKETS FORCED LABOR FREE TRADE GUARDIANS HAZARDOUS CHILD LABOR HAZARDOUS LABOR HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN RIGHTS INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INDIAN CHILDREN INSURANCE INTERNATIONAL CHILD LABOR STANDARDS INTERNATIONAL LAW INVESTIGATION INVESTIGATIONS JOBS LABOR ECONOMICS LABOR FORCE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR LAWS LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKETS LABOR RELATIONS LABOR STANDARDS LABOR SUPPLY LABORERS LABOUR OFFICE LABOUR STANDARDS LABOUR STUDY LEGISLATION LIVING STANDARDS MARKET WAGE MARKET WAGES MINIMUM WAGE MULTIPLE EQUILIBRIA OCCUPATION OLDER SIBLINGS ORPHANS PARENTAL EDUCATION PARENTS POLITICAL ECONOMY PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY PRODUCTIVITY PROSTITUTION PUBLIC OPINION PUBLIC SERVICE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD SCHOOL ATTENDANCE SOCIAL PROTECTION TRADE LIBERALIZATION UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT RATES UNSKILLED WORKERS WAGE DETERMINATION WAGE DIFFERENTIAL WAGE RATE WAGES WORKING CHILDREN WORKING CONDITIONS WORKING HOURS YOUNGER SIBLINGS The problem of child labor has moved from a matter of regional and national concern to one of international debate and possible global persuasion and policy intervention. In crafting policy for mitigating this enormous problem of our times, it is important to start with a proper theoretical and empirical understanding of the phenomenon. What gives rise to child labor, and what are its consequences? What interventions might end child labor without hurting children? A well-meaning but poorly designed policy can exacerbate the poverty in which these laboring children live, even leading to starvation. The article surveys the large and rapidly growing literature on this subject, focusing mainly on the new literature based on modern economic theory and econometrics. It also looks at some of the broad policy implications of these new findings, with the objective of contributing to better informed discussion and policy design. 2014-02-26T17:53:17Z 2014-02-26T17:53:17Z 2003-05 Journal Article Article de journal Artículo de revista http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2003/05/17741863/global-child-labor-problem-know-can World Bank Economic Review https://hdl.handle.net/10986/17176 English en_US World Bank Economic Review CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/igo World Bank application/pdf text/plain Washington, DC: World Bank
institution Banco Mundial
collection DSpace
country Estados Unidos
countrycode US
component Bibliográfico
access En linea
databasecode dig-okr
tag biblioteca
region America del Norte
libraryname Biblioteca del Banco Mundial
language English
en_US
topic ACCOUNT
ADOLESCENTS
ADVERSE EFFECTS
ADVISORY SERVICES
AGE GROUPS
APPRENTICESHIP
ARMED CONFLICT
BARGAINING
BONDED LABOR
CARPET INDUSTRY
CHILD EDUCATION
CHILD LABOR
CHILD LABOR DECLINE
CHILD LABOR DETERRENCE ACT
CHILD LABOR FORCE
CHILD LABOR LAWS
CHILD LABOR STANDARDS
CHILD LABOUR
CHILD PARTICIPATION
CHILD WELFARE
CHILD WORK
CHILD WORKER
CHILD WORKERS
CHILDHOOD
CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD
CORE LABOR STANDARDS
DEBT BONDAGE
DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
ECONOMIC GROWTH
ECONOMIC THEORY
ECONOMICS
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
EFFICIENCY WAGE THEORY
EMPLOYING CHILDREN
EXTERNALITIES
FINANCIAL MARKETS
FORCED LABOR
FREE TRADE
GUARDIANS
HAZARDOUS CHILD LABOR
HAZARDOUS LABOR
HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION
HOUSEHOLD INCOME
HOUSEHOLD SURVEY
HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS
HUMAN CAPITAL
HUMAN RIGHTS
INCOME
INCOME DISTRIBUTION
INDIAN CHILDREN
INSURANCE
INTERNATIONAL CHILD LABOR STANDARDS
INTERNATIONAL LAW
INVESTIGATION
INVESTIGATIONS
JOBS
LABOR ECONOMICS
LABOR FORCE
LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION
LABOR LAWS
LABOR MARKET
LABOR MARKETS
LABOR RELATIONS
LABOR STANDARDS
LABOR SUPPLY
LABORERS
LABOUR OFFICE
LABOUR STANDARDS
LABOUR STUDY
LEGISLATION
LIVING STANDARDS
MARKET WAGE
MARKET WAGES
MINIMUM WAGE
MULTIPLE EQUILIBRIA
OCCUPATION
OLDER SIBLINGS
ORPHANS
PARENTAL EDUCATION
PARENTS
POLITICAL ECONOMY
PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY
PRODUCTIVITY
PROSTITUTION
PUBLIC OPINION
PUBLIC SERVICE
RIGHTS OF THE CHILD
SCHOOL ATTENDANCE
SOCIAL PROTECTION
TRADE LIBERALIZATION
UNEMPLOYED
UNEMPLOYMENT
UNEMPLOYMENT RATES
UNSKILLED WORKERS
WAGE DETERMINATION
WAGE DIFFERENTIAL
WAGE RATE
WAGES
WORKING CHILDREN
WORKING CONDITIONS
WORKING HOURS
YOUNGER SIBLINGS
ACCOUNT
ADOLESCENTS
ADVERSE EFFECTS
ADVISORY SERVICES
AGE GROUPS
APPRENTICESHIP
ARMED CONFLICT
BARGAINING
BONDED LABOR
CARPET INDUSTRY
CHILD EDUCATION
CHILD LABOR
CHILD LABOR DECLINE
CHILD LABOR DETERRENCE ACT
CHILD LABOR FORCE
CHILD LABOR LAWS
CHILD LABOR STANDARDS
CHILD LABOUR
CHILD PARTICIPATION
CHILD WELFARE
CHILD WORK
CHILD WORKER
CHILD WORKERS
CHILDHOOD
CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD
CORE LABOR STANDARDS
DEBT BONDAGE
DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
ECONOMIC GROWTH
ECONOMIC THEORY
ECONOMICS
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
EFFICIENCY WAGE THEORY
EMPLOYING CHILDREN
EXTERNALITIES
FINANCIAL MARKETS
FORCED LABOR
FREE TRADE
GUARDIANS
HAZARDOUS CHILD LABOR
HAZARDOUS LABOR
HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION
HOUSEHOLD INCOME
HOUSEHOLD SURVEY
HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS
HUMAN CAPITAL
HUMAN RIGHTS
INCOME
INCOME DISTRIBUTION
INDIAN CHILDREN
INSURANCE
INTERNATIONAL CHILD LABOR STANDARDS
INTERNATIONAL LAW
INVESTIGATION
INVESTIGATIONS
JOBS
LABOR ECONOMICS
LABOR FORCE
LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION
LABOR LAWS
LABOR MARKET
LABOR MARKETS
LABOR RELATIONS
LABOR STANDARDS
LABOR SUPPLY
LABORERS
LABOUR OFFICE
LABOUR STANDARDS
LABOUR STUDY
LEGISLATION
LIVING STANDARDS
MARKET WAGE
MARKET WAGES
MINIMUM WAGE
MULTIPLE EQUILIBRIA
OCCUPATION
OLDER SIBLINGS
ORPHANS
PARENTAL EDUCATION
PARENTS
POLITICAL ECONOMY
PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY
PRODUCTIVITY
PROSTITUTION
PUBLIC OPINION
PUBLIC SERVICE
RIGHTS OF THE CHILD
SCHOOL ATTENDANCE
SOCIAL PROTECTION
TRADE LIBERALIZATION
UNEMPLOYED
UNEMPLOYMENT
UNEMPLOYMENT RATES
UNSKILLED WORKERS
WAGE DETERMINATION
WAGE DIFFERENTIAL
WAGE RATE
WAGES
WORKING CHILDREN
WORKING CONDITIONS
WORKING HOURS
YOUNGER SIBLINGS
spellingShingle ACCOUNT
ADOLESCENTS
ADVERSE EFFECTS
ADVISORY SERVICES
AGE GROUPS
APPRENTICESHIP
ARMED CONFLICT
BARGAINING
BONDED LABOR
CARPET INDUSTRY
CHILD EDUCATION
CHILD LABOR
CHILD LABOR DECLINE
CHILD LABOR DETERRENCE ACT
CHILD LABOR FORCE
CHILD LABOR LAWS
CHILD LABOR STANDARDS
CHILD LABOUR
CHILD PARTICIPATION
CHILD WELFARE
CHILD WORK
CHILD WORKER
CHILD WORKERS
CHILDHOOD
CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD
CORE LABOR STANDARDS
DEBT BONDAGE
DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
ECONOMIC GROWTH
ECONOMIC THEORY
ECONOMICS
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
EFFICIENCY WAGE THEORY
EMPLOYING CHILDREN
EXTERNALITIES
FINANCIAL MARKETS
FORCED LABOR
FREE TRADE
GUARDIANS
HAZARDOUS CHILD LABOR
HAZARDOUS LABOR
HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION
HOUSEHOLD INCOME
HOUSEHOLD SURVEY
HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS
HUMAN CAPITAL
HUMAN RIGHTS
INCOME
INCOME DISTRIBUTION
INDIAN CHILDREN
INSURANCE
INTERNATIONAL CHILD LABOR STANDARDS
INTERNATIONAL LAW
INVESTIGATION
INVESTIGATIONS
JOBS
LABOR ECONOMICS
LABOR FORCE
LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION
LABOR LAWS
LABOR MARKET
LABOR MARKETS
LABOR RELATIONS
LABOR STANDARDS
LABOR SUPPLY
LABORERS
LABOUR OFFICE
LABOUR STANDARDS
LABOUR STUDY
LEGISLATION
LIVING STANDARDS
MARKET WAGE
MARKET WAGES
MINIMUM WAGE
MULTIPLE EQUILIBRIA
OCCUPATION
OLDER SIBLINGS
ORPHANS
PARENTAL EDUCATION
PARENTS
POLITICAL ECONOMY
PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY
PRODUCTIVITY
PROSTITUTION
PUBLIC OPINION
PUBLIC SERVICE
RIGHTS OF THE CHILD
SCHOOL ATTENDANCE
SOCIAL PROTECTION
TRADE LIBERALIZATION
UNEMPLOYED
UNEMPLOYMENT
UNEMPLOYMENT RATES
UNSKILLED WORKERS
WAGE DETERMINATION
WAGE DIFFERENTIAL
WAGE RATE
WAGES
WORKING CHILDREN
WORKING CONDITIONS
WORKING HOURS
YOUNGER SIBLINGS
ACCOUNT
ADOLESCENTS
ADVERSE EFFECTS
ADVISORY SERVICES
AGE GROUPS
APPRENTICESHIP
ARMED CONFLICT
BARGAINING
BONDED LABOR
CARPET INDUSTRY
CHILD EDUCATION
CHILD LABOR
CHILD LABOR DECLINE
CHILD LABOR DETERRENCE ACT
CHILD LABOR FORCE
CHILD LABOR LAWS
CHILD LABOR STANDARDS
CHILD LABOUR
CHILD PARTICIPATION
CHILD WELFARE
CHILD WORK
CHILD WORKER
CHILD WORKERS
CHILDHOOD
CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD
CORE LABOR STANDARDS
DEBT BONDAGE
DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
ECONOMIC GROWTH
ECONOMIC THEORY
ECONOMICS
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
EFFICIENCY WAGE THEORY
EMPLOYING CHILDREN
EXTERNALITIES
FINANCIAL MARKETS
FORCED LABOR
FREE TRADE
GUARDIANS
HAZARDOUS CHILD LABOR
HAZARDOUS LABOR
HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION
HOUSEHOLD INCOME
HOUSEHOLD SURVEY
HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS
HUMAN CAPITAL
HUMAN RIGHTS
INCOME
INCOME DISTRIBUTION
INDIAN CHILDREN
INSURANCE
INTERNATIONAL CHILD LABOR STANDARDS
INTERNATIONAL LAW
INVESTIGATION
INVESTIGATIONS
JOBS
LABOR ECONOMICS
LABOR FORCE
LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION
LABOR LAWS
LABOR MARKET
LABOR MARKETS
LABOR RELATIONS
LABOR STANDARDS
LABOR SUPPLY
LABORERS
LABOUR OFFICE
LABOUR STANDARDS
LABOUR STUDY
LEGISLATION
LIVING STANDARDS
MARKET WAGE
MARKET WAGES
MINIMUM WAGE
MULTIPLE EQUILIBRIA
OCCUPATION
OLDER SIBLINGS
ORPHANS
PARENTAL EDUCATION
PARENTS
POLITICAL ECONOMY
PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY
PRODUCTIVITY
PROSTITUTION
PUBLIC OPINION
PUBLIC SERVICE
RIGHTS OF THE CHILD
SCHOOL ATTENDANCE
SOCIAL PROTECTION
TRADE LIBERALIZATION
UNEMPLOYED
UNEMPLOYMENT
UNEMPLOYMENT RATES
UNSKILLED WORKERS
WAGE DETERMINATION
WAGE DIFFERENTIAL
WAGE RATE
WAGES
WORKING CHILDREN
WORKING CONDITIONS
WORKING HOURS
YOUNGER SIBLINGS
Basu, Kaushik
Tzannatos, Zafiris
The Global Child Labor Problem : What Do We Know and What Can We Do?
description The problem of child labor has moved from a matter of regional and national concern to one of international debate and possible global persuasion and policy intervention. In crafting policy for mitigating this enormous problem of our times, it is important to start with a proper theoretical and empirical understanding of the phenomenon. What gives rise to child labor, and what are its consequences? What interventions might end child labor without hurting children? A well-meaning but poorly designed policy can exacerbate the poverty in which these laboring children live, even leading to starvation. The article surveys the large and rapidly growing literature on this subject, focusing mainly on the new literature based on modern economic theory and econometrics. It also looks at some of the broad policy implications of these new findings, with the objective of contributing to better informed discussion and policy design.
format Journal Article
topic_facet ACCOUNT
ADOLESCENTS
ADVERSE EFFECTS
ADVISORY SERVICES
AGE GROUPS
APPRENTICESHIP
ARMED CONFLICT
BARGAINING
BONDED LABOR
CARPET INDUSTRY
CHILD EDUCATION
CHILD LABOR
CHILD LABOR DECLINE
CHILD LABOR DETERRENCE ACT
CHILD LABOR FORCE
CHILD LABOR LAWS
CHILD LABOR STANDARDS
CHILD LABOUR
CHILD PARTICIPATION
CHILD WELFARE
CHILD WORK
CHILD WORKER
CHILD WORKERS
CHILDHOOD
CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD
CORE LABOR STANDARDS
DEBT BONDAGE
DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
ECONOMIC GROWTH
ECONOMIC THEORY
ECONOMICS
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
EFFICIENCY WAGE THEORY
EMPLOYING CHILDREN
EXTERNALITIES
FINANCIAL MARKETS
FORCED LABOR
FREE TRADE
GUARDIANS
HAZARDOUS CHILD LABOR
HAZARDOUS LABOR
HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION
HOUSEHOLD INCOME
HOUSEHOLD SURVEY
HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS
HUMAN CAPITAL
HUMAN RIGHTS
INCOME
INCOME DISTRIBUTION
INDIAN CHILDREN
INSURANCE
INTERNATIONAL CHILD LABOR STANDARDS
INTERNATIONAL LAW
INVESTIGATION
INVESTIGATIONS
JOBS
LABOR ECONOMICS
LABOR FORCE
LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION
LABOR LAWS
LABOR MARKET
LABOR MARKETS
LABOR RELATIONS
LABOR STANDARDS
LABOR SUPPLY
LABORERS
LABOUR OFFICE
LABOUR STANDARDS
LABOUR STUDY
LEGISLATION
LIVING STANDARDS
MARKET WAGE
MARKET WAGES
MINIMUM WAGE
MULTIPLE EQUILIBRIA
OCCUPATION
OLDER SIBLINGS
ORPHANS
PARENTAL EDUCATION
PARENTS
POLITICAL ECONOMY
PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY
PRODUCTIVITY
PROSTITUTION
PUBLIC OPINION
PUBLIC SERVICE
RIGHTS OF THE CHILD
SCHOOL ATTENDANCE
SOCIAL PROTECTION
TRADE LIBERALIZATION
UNEMPLOYED
UNEMPLOYMENT
UNEMPLOYMENT RATES
UNSKILLED WORKERS
WAGE DETERMINATION
WAGE DIFFERENTIAL
WAGE RATE
WAGES
WORKING CHILDREN
WORKING CONDITIONS
WORKING HOURS
YOUNGER SIBLINGS
author Basu, Kaushik
Tzannatos, Zafiris
author_facet Basu, Kaushik
Tzannatos, Zafiris
author_sort Basu, Kaushik
title The Global Child Labor Problem : What Do We Know and What Can We Do?
title_short The Global Child Labor Problem : What Do We Know and What Can We Do?
title_full The Global Child Labor Problem : What Do We Know and What Can We Do?
title_fullStr The Global Child Labor Problem : What Do We Know and What Can We Do?
title_full_unstemmed The Global Child Labor Problem : What Do We Know and What Can We Do?
title_sort global child labor problem : what do we know and what can we do?
publisher Washington, DC: World Bank
publishDate 2003-05
url http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2003/05/17741863/global-child-labor-problem-know-can
https://hdl.handle.net/10986/17176
work_keys_str_mv AT basukaushik theglobalchildlaborproblemwhatdoweknowandwhatcanwedo
AT tzannatoszafiris theglobalchildlaborproblemwhatdoweknowandwhatcanwedo
AT basukaushik globalchildlaborproblemwhatdoweknowandwhatcanwedo
AT tzannatoszafiris globalchildlaborproblemwhatdoweknowandwhatcanwedo
_version_ 1807158975789006848