Incentives and Teacher Effort : Further Evidence from a Developing Country

Few would contest that teachers are a very important determinant of whether students learn in school. Yet, in the face of compelling evidence that many students are not learning what they are expected to learn, how to improve teacher performance has been the focus of much policy debate in rich and poor countries. This paper examines how incentives, both pecuniary and non-pecuniary, influence teacher effort. Using school survey data from Lao PDR, it estimates new measures of teacher effort, including the number of hours that teachers spend preparing for classes and teacher provision of private tutoring classes outside class hours. The estimation results indicate that teachers increase effort in response to non-pecuniary incentives, such as greater teacher autonomy over teaching materials, and monitoring mechanism, such as the existence of an active parent-teacher association and the ability of school principals to dismiss teachers. Methodologically, the paper provides a detailed derivation of a simultaneous ordinary least squares-probit model with school random effects that can jointly estimate teacher work hours and tutoring provision.

Bibliographic Details

Main Authors:	King, Elizabeth M., Dang, Hai-Anh H.
Language:	English en_US
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2013-11
Subjects:	ABSENTEEISM, ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE, ACHIEVEMENT TESTS, ARITHMETIC, AVERAGE NUMBER OF STUDENTS, BOOK RENTAL, CHILDREN, CLASS TEACHING, CLASSES, CLASSROOM, CLASSROOMS, COLLEGE, COLLEGE DEGREE, COLLEGE EDUCATION, COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION, COMMUNITY SCHOOL, CURRICULUM, DECENTRALIZATION, DECENTRALIZATION OF EDUCATION, DEGREES, DEVELOPING TEACHING MATERIALS, DISTRICT EDUCATION, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION, EDUCATION FOR ALL, EDUCATION LEVELS, EDUCATION OUTCOMES, EDUCATION REFORMS, EDUCATION SECTOR, EDUCATION STATISTICS, EDUCATION SYSTEM, EDUCATIONAL PLANNING, EDUCATORS, EFFECTIVE EDUCATION, EFFECTIVE TEACHERS, ETHICS, ETHNIC GROUPS, EXAMINATION, EXPENDITURES, FEMALE TEACHER, FEMALE TEACHERS, FUTURE RESEARCH, GRADING, HOMEWORK, HUMAN CAPITAL, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, HUMAN RESOURCES, INDEXES, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, INSTRUCTION, INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS, INTERVENTIONS, ITS, KNOWLEDGE, LEARNING, LEARNING RESULTS, LET, LEVELS OF EDUCATION, LITERACY, LITERACY RATES, LITERATURE, LOWER SECONDARY, LOWER SECONDARY EDUCATION, MATH ACHIEVEMENT, MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, MULTIGRADE TEACHING, NATIONAL SCHOOL, NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS, NUMBER OF STUDENTS, NUMBER OF TEACHERS, OPEN ACCESS, PAPERS, PARENT- TEACHER ASSOCIATIONS, PARENT-TEACHER ASSOCIATION, PARENTAL PARTICIPATION, POOR PEOPLE, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PRIMARY SCHOOL, PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS, PRIMARY SCHOOLS, PRIMARY STUDENTS, PRIMARY TEACHERS, PRIVATE TUTORING, PUBLIC EXPENDITURE, PUBLIC SCHOOL, PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS, PUPIL ATTENDANCE, PUPIL-TEACHER RATIOS, READING, REMEDIAL EDUCATION, RESEARCH, RESEARCH INSTITUTE, RESEARCHERS, RURAL AREAS, RURAL SCHOOLS, SCHOOL, SCHOOL _TEACHER, SCHOOL ACTIVITIES, SCHOOL CENSUS, SCHOOL CURRICULUM, SCHOOL FACILITIES, SCHOOL FEE, SCHOOL FEES, SCHOOL GOVERNANCE, SCHOOL HOURS, SCHOOL INFRASTRUCTURE, SCHOOL INSPECTORS, SCHOOL LEVEL, SCHOOL LOCATION, SCHOOL PRINCIPALS, SCHOOL PROGRAM, SCHOOL SURVEY, SCHOOL SURVEY DATA, SCHOOL SYSTEM, SCHOOL TEACHERS, SCHOOL VISITS, SCHOOL YEAR, SCHOOLING, SCHOOLS, SCIENCE, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SPORTS, STUDENT, STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT, STUDENT ATTENDANCE, STUDENT DEMAND, STUDENT LEARNING, STUDENT PERFORMANCE, STUDENT-TEACHER RATIO, STUDENTS, STUDIES, STUDY, TEACHER, TEACHER BEHAVIOR, TEACHER CHARACTERISTICS, TEACHER EVALUATION, TEACHER INCENTIVES, TEACHER PAY, TEACHER PERFORMANCE, TEACHER PROMOTION, TEACHER QUALITY, TEACHER RATIO, TEACHER SALARIES, TEACHERS, TEACHING, TEACHING EXPERIENCE, TEACHING MATERIALS, TEACHING METHOD, TEACHING METHODS, TEACHING TOOLS, TENURE, TEST SCORES, TESTING, TEXTBOOK, TEXTBOOKS, TUITION, TUITION FEES, TUTORS, UNIVERSITIES, UNIVERSITY, UPPER SECONDARY, UPPER SECONDARY EDUCATION, VALUES, VOCATIONAL EDUCATION, WOMEN, WORKERS,
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/11/18490965/incentives-teacher-effort-further-evidence-developing-country-incentives-teacher-effort-further-evidence-developing-country https://hdl.handle.net/10986/16920
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