Up in Smoke? Agricultural Commercialization, Rising Food Prices and Stunting in Malawi
Diversification into high-value cash crops among smallholders has been propagated as a strategy to improve welfare in rural areas. However, the extent to which cash crop production spurs projected gains remains an under-researched question, especially in the context of market imperfections leading to non-separable production and consumption decisions, and price shocks to staple crops that might be displaced on the farm by cash crops. This study is a contribution to the long-standing debate on the links between commercialization and nutrition. It uses nationally-representative household survey data from Malawi, and estimates the effect of household adoption of an export crop, namely tobacco, on child height-for-age z-scores. Given the endogenous nature of household tobacco adoption, the analysis relies on instrumental variable regressions, and isolates the causal effect by comparing impact estimates informed by two unique samples of children that differ in their exposure to an exogenous domestic staple food price shock during the early child development window (from conception through two years of age). The analysis finds that household tobacco production in the year of or the year after child birth, combined with exposure to an exogenous domestic staple food price shock, lowers the child height-for-age z-score by 1.27, implying a 70-percent drop in z-score. The negative effect is, however, not statistically significant among children who were not exposed to the same shock. The results put emphasis on the food insecurity and malnutrition risks materializing at times of high food prices, which might have disproportionately adverse effects on uninsured cash crop producers.
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dig-okr-1098616864 |
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English en_US |
| topic |
AGGREGATE HOUSEHOLD INCOME AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AGRICULTURAL GROWTH AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY AGRICULTURAL SEASON AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AGRICULTURE ARABLE LAND CALORIC INTAKE CASH CROPS CASH-CROP CENTRAL REGION CHILD DEVELOPMENT CHILD MORTALITY CHILD NUTRITION COVARIATE SHOCKS CROP INCOME CROP PRODUCTION CURING DISASTERS DIVERSIFICATION DROUGHT ECOLOGICAL ZONES ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC SHOCKS FAMILIES FAMINE FARM AREA FARM HOUSEHOLDS FARM MANAGEMENT FARM PRODUCTION FARMERS FOOD AID FOOD AVAILABILITY FOOD COMMODITIES FOOD CONSUMPTION FOOD CROP FOOD CROP PRODUCTION FOOD CROPS FOOD INSECURITY FOOD MARKETS FOOD NECESSITIES FOOD POLICY FOOD POLICY RESEARCH FOOD PRICE FOOD PRICES FOOD PRODUCTION FOOD SECURITY FOOD SELF-SUFFICIENCY FOOD STOCKS GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS GRAIN RESERVES HAZARDS HEALTH INTERVENTIONS HEALTH OUTCOMES HIGH POPULATION DENSITY HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD WELFARE HOUSING HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INADEQUATE FOOD INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME GROWTH INCOME QUINTILE INEQUALITY INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE INTERVENTION IRRIGATION LAND HOLDINGS LAND TENURE MAIZE MALNUTRITION MARKET FAILURES MARKETING MATERNAL HEALTH MORTALITY NUTRITION NUTRITION OUTCOMES NUTRITIONAL STATUS PEDIATRICS PESTICIDES POLITICAL ECONOMY POOR POOR SMALLHOLDERS POVERTY ALLEVIATION POVERTY RATE POVERTY REDUCTION PREGNANCY PRESCHOOL CHILDREN PRODUCTION FUNCTION REGIONAL BOUNDARY RICE RISK FACTORS RISK REDUCTION RURAL RURAL AREAS RURAL DEVELOPMENT RURAL INCOME RURAL LIVELIHOODS RURAL POOR SAVINGS SCHOOLING SMALL FARMS SMALLHOLDER AGRICULTURE SMALLHOLDER FARMERS SMALLHOLDER HOUSEHOLDS SOCIAL CAPITAL SOCIAL PROTECTION SPATIAL DIFFERENCES STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT SUBSISTENCE SUGARCANE SUSTAINABLE GROWTH TARGETING TEA TOBACCO INDUSTRY VEGETABLE CROPS VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT WAR WATER AVAILABILITY WELFARE IMPROVEMENTS AGGREGATE HOUSEHOLD INCOME AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AGRICULTURAL GROWTH AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY AGRICULTURAL SEASON AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AGRICULTURE ARABLE LAND CALORIC INTAKE CASH CROPS CASH-CROP CENTRAL REGION CHILD DEVELOPMENT CHILD MORTALITY CHILD NUTRITION COVARIATE SHOCKS CROP INCOME CROP PRODUCTION CURING DISASTERS DIVERSIFICATION DROUGHT ECOLOGICAL ZONES ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC SHOCKS FAMILIES FAMINE FARM AREA FARM HOUSEHOLDS FARM MANAGEMENT FARM PRODUCTION FARMERS FOOD AID FOOD AVAILABILITY FOOD COMMODITIES FOOD CONSUMPTION FOOD CROP FOOD CROP PRODUCTION FOOD CROPS FOOD INSECURITY FOOD MARKETS FOOD NECESSITIES FOOD POLICY FOOD POLICY RESEARCH FOOD PRICE FOOD PRICES FOOD PRODUCTION FOOD SECURITY FOOD SELF-SUFFICIENCY FOOD STOCKS GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS GRAIN RESERVES HAZARDS HEALTH INTERVENTIONS HEALTH OUTCOMES HIGH POPULATION DENSITY HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD WELFARE HOUSING HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INADEQUATE FOOD INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME GROWTH INCOME QUINTILE INEQUALITY INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE INTERVENTION IRRIGATION LAND HOLDINGS LAND TENURE MAIZE MALNUTRITION MARKET FAILURES MARKETING MATERNAL HEALTH MORTALITY NUTRITION NUTRITION OUTCOMES NUTRITIONAL STATUS PEDIATRICS PESTICIDES POLITICAL ECONOMY POOR POOR SMALLHOLDERS POVERTY ALLEVIATION POVERTY RATE POVERTY REDUCTION PREGNANCY PRESCHOOL CHILDREN PRODUCTION FUNCTION REGIONAL BOUNDARY RICE RISK FACTORS RISK REDUCTION RURAL RURAL AREAS RURAL DEVELOPMENT RURAL INCOME RURAL LIVELIHOODS RURAL POOR SAVINGS SCHOOLING SMALL FARMS SMALLHOLDER AGRICULTURE SMALLHOLDER FARMERS SMALLHOLDER HOUSEHOLDS SOCIAL CAPITAL SOCIAL PROTECTION SPATIAL DIFFERENCES STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT SUBSISTENCE SUGARCANE SUSTAINABLE GROWTH TARGETING TEA TOBACCO INDUSTRY VEGETABLE CROPS VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT WAR WATER AVAILABILITY WELFARE IMPROVEMENTS |
| spellingShingle |
AGGREGATE HOUSEHOLD INCOME AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AGRICULTURAL GROWTH AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY AGRICULTURAL SEASON AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AGRICULTURE ARABLE LAND CALORIC INTAKE CASH CROPS CASH-CROP CENTRAL REGION CHILD DEVELOPMENT CHILD MORTALITY CHILD NUTRITION COVARIATE SHOCKS CROP INCOME CROP PRODUCTION CURING DISASTERS DIVERSIFICATION DROUGHT ECOLOGICAL ZONES ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC SHOCKS FAMILIES FAMINE FARM AREA FARM HOUSEHOLDS FARM MANAGEMENT FARM PRODUCTION FARMERS FOOD AID FOOD AVAILABILITY FOOD COMMODITIES FOOD CONSUMPTION FOOD CROP FOOD CROP PRODUCTION FOOD CROPS FOOD INSECURITY FOOD MARKETS FOOD NECESSITIES FOOD POLICY FOOD POLICY RESEARCH FOOD PRICE FOOD PRICES FOOD PRODUCTION FOOD SECURITY FOOD SELF-SUFFICIENCY FOOD STOCKS GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS GRAIN RESERVES HAZARDS HEALTH INTERVENTIONS HEALTH OUTCOMES HIGH POPULATION DENSITY HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD WELFARE HOUSING HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INADEQUATE FOOD INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME GROWTH INCOME QUINTILE INEQUALITY INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE INTERVENTION IRRIGATION LAND HOLDINGS LAND TENURE MAIZE MALNUTRITION MARKET FAILURES MARKETING MATERNAL HEALTH MORTALITY NUTRITION NUTRITION OUTCOMES NUTRITIONAL STATUS PEDIATRICS PESTICIDES POLITICAL ECONOMY POOR POOR SMALLHOLDERS POVERTY ALLEVIATION POVERTY RATE POVERTY REDUCTION PREGNANCY PRESCHOOL CHILDREN PRODUCTION FUNCTION REGIONAL BOUNDARY RICE RISK FACTORS RISK REDUCTION RURAL RURAL AREAS RURAL DEVELOPMENT RURAL INCOME RURAL LIVELIHOODS RURAL POOR SAVINGS SCHOOLING SMALL FARMS SMALLHOLDER AGRICULTURE SMALLHOLDER FARMERS SMALLHOLDER HOUSEHOLDS SOCIAL CAPITAL SOCIAL PROTECTION SPATIAL DIFFERENCES STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT SUBSISTENCE SUGARCANE SUSTAINABLE GROWTH TARGETING TEA TOBACCO INDUSTRY VEGETABLE CROPS VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT WAR WATER AVAILABILITY WELFARE IMPROVEMENTS AGGREGATE HOUSEHOLD INCOME AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AGRICULTURAL GROWTH AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY AGRICULTURAL SEASON AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AGRICULTURE ARABLE LAND CALORIC INTAKE CASH CROPS CASH-CROP CENTRAL REGION CHILD DEVELOPMENT CHILD MORTALITY CHILD NUTRITION COVARIATE SHOCKS CROP INCOME CROP PRODUCTION CURING DISASTERS DIVERSIFICATION DROUGHT ECOLOGICAL ZONES ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC SHOCKS FAMILIES FAMINE FARM AREA FARM HOUSEHOLDS FARM MANAGEMENT FARM PRODUCTION FARMERS FOOD AID FOOD AVAILABILITY FOOD COMMODITIES FOOD CONSUMPTION FOOD CROP FOOD CROP PRODUCTION FOOD CROPS FOOD INSECURITY FOOD MARKETS FOOD NECESSITIES FOOD POLICY FOOD POLICY RESEARCH FOOD PRICE FOOD PRICES FOOD PRODUCTION FOOD SECURITY FOOD SELF-SUFFICIENCY FOOD STOCKS GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS GRAIN RESERVES HAZARDS HEALTH INTERVENTIONS HEALTH OUTCOMES HIGH POPULATION DENSITY HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD WELFARE HOUSING HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INADEQUATE FOOD INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME GROWTH INCOME QUINTILE INEQUALITY INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE INTERVENTION IRRIGATION LAND HOLDINGS LAND TENURE MAIZE MALNUTRITION MARKET FAILURES MARKETING MATERNAL HEALTH MORTALITY NUTRITION NUTRITION OUTCOMES NUTRITIONAL STATUS PEDIATRICS PESTICIDES POLITICAL ECONOMY POOR POOR SMALLHOLDERS POVERTY ALLEVIATION POVERTY RATE POVERTY REDUCTION PREGNANCY PRESCHOOL CHILDREN PRODUCTION FUNCTION REGIONAL BOUNDARY RICE RISK FACTORS RISK REDUCTION RURAL RURAL AREAS RURAL DEVELOPMENT RURAL INCOME RURAL LIVELIHOODS RURAL POOR SAVINGS SCHOOLING SMALL FARMS SMALLHOLDER AGRICULTURE SMALLHOLDER FARMERS SMALLHOLDER HOUSEHOLDS SOCIAL CAPITAL SOCIAL PROTECTION SPATIAL DIFFERENCES STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT SUBSISTENCE SUGARCANE SUSTAINABLE GROWTH TARGETING TEA TOBACCO INDUSTRY VEGETABLE CROPS VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT WAR WATER AVAILABILITY WELFARE IMPROVEMENTS Wood, Benjamin Nelson, Carl Kilic, Talip Murray, Siobhan Up in Smoke? Agricultural Commercialization, Rising Food Prices and Stunting in Malawi |
| description |
Diversification into high-value cash
crops among smallholders has been propagated as a strategy
to improve welfare in rural areas. However, the extent to
which cash crop production spurs projected gains remains an
under-researched question, especially in the context of
market imperfections leading to non-separable production and
consumption decisions, and price shocks to staple crops that
might be displaced on the farm by cash crops. This study is
a contribution to the long-standing debate on the links
between commercialization and nutrition. It uses
nationally-representative household survey data from Malawi,
and estimates the effect of household adoption of an export
crop, namely tobacco, on child height-for-age z-scores.
Given the endogenous nature of household tobacco adoption,
the analysis relies on instrumental variable regressions,
and isolates the causal effect by comparing impact estimates
informed by two unique samples of children that differ in
their exposure to an exogenous domestic staple food price
shock during the early child development window (from
conception through two years of age). The analysis finds
that household tobacco production in the year of or the year
after child birth, combined with exposure to an exogenous
domestic staple food price shock, lowers the child
height-for-age z-score by 1.27, implying a 70-percent drop
in z-score. The negative effect is, however, not
statistically significant among children who were not
exposed to the same shock. The results put emphasis on the
food insecurity and malnutrition risks materializing at
times of high food prices, which might have
disproportionately adverse effects on uninsured cash crop producers. |
| topic_facet |
AGGREGATE HOUSEHOLD INCOME AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AGRICULTURAL GROWTH AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY AGRICULTURAL SEASON AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AGRICULTURE ARABLE LAND CALORIC INTAKE CASH CROPS CASH-CROP CENTRAL REGION CHILD DEVELOPMENT CHILD MORTALITY CHILD NUTRITION COVARIATE SHOCKS CROP INCOME CROP PRODUCTION CURING DISASTERS DIVERSIFICATION DROUGHT ECOLOGICAL ZONES ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC SHOCKS FAMILIES FAMINE FARM AREA FARM HOUSEHOLDS FARM MANAGEMENT FARM PRODUCTION FARMERS FOOD AID FOOD AVAILABILITY FOOD COMMODITIES FOOD CONSUMPTION FOOD CROP FOOD CROP PRODUCTION FOOD CROPS FOOD INSECURITY FOOD MARKETS FOOD NECESSITIES FOOD POLICY FOOD POLICY RESEARCH FOOD PRICE FOOD PRICES FOOD PRODUCTION FOOD SECURITY FOOD SELF-SUFFICIENCY FOOD STOCKS GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS GRAIN RESERVES HAZARDS HEALTH INTERVENTIONS HEALTH OUTCOMES HIGH POPULATION DENSITY HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD WELFARE HOUSING HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INADEQUATE FOOD INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME GROWTH INCOME QUINTILE INEQUALITY INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE INTERVENTION IRRIGATION LAND HOLDINGS LAND TENURE MAIZE MALNUTRITION MARKET FAILURES MARKETING MATERNAL HEALTH MORTALITY NUTRITION NUTRITION OUTCOMES NUTRITIONAL STATUS PEDIATRICS PESTICIDES POLITICAL ECONOMY POOR POOR SMALLHOLDERS POVERTY ALLEVIATION POVERTY RATE POVERTY REDUCTION PREGNANCY PRESCHOOL CHILDREN PRODUCTION FUNCTION REGIONAL BOUNDARY RICE RISK FACTORS RISK REDUCTION RURAL RURAL AREAS RURAL DEVELOPMENT RURAL INCOME RURAL LIVELIHOODS RURAL POOR SAVINGS SCHOOLING SMALL FARMS SMALLHOLDER AGRICULTURE SMALLHOLDER FARMERS SMALLHOLDER HOUSEHOLDS SOCIAL CAPITAL SOCIAL PROTECTION SPATIAL DIFFERENCES STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT SUBSISTENCE SUGARCANE SUSTAINABLE GROWTH TARGETING TEA TOBACCO INDUSTRY VEGETABLE CROPS VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT WAR WATER AVAILABILITY WELFARE IMPROVEMENTS |
| author |
Wood, Benjamin Nelson, Carl Kilic, Talip Murray, Siobhan |
| author_facet |
Wood, Benjamin Nelson, Carl Kilic, Talip Murray, Siobhan |
| author_sort |
Wood, Benjamin |
| title |
Up in Smoke? Agricultural Commercialization, Rising Food Prices and Stunting in Malawi |
| title_short |
Up in Smoke? Agricultural Commercialization, Rising Food Prices and Stunting in Malawi |
| title_full |
Up in Smoke? Agricultural Commercialization, Rising Food Prices and Stunting in Malawi |
| title_fullStr |
Up in Smoke? Agricultural Commercialization, Rising Food Prices and Stunting in Malawi |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Up in Smoke? Agricultural Commercialization, Rising Food Prices and Stunting in Malawi |
| title_sort |
up in smoke? agricultural commercialization, rising food prices and stunting in malawi |
| publisher |
World Bank, Washington, DC |
| publishDate |
2013-10 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/10/18371657/up-smoke-agricultural-commercialization-rising-food-prices-stunting-malawi https://hdl.handle.net/10986/16864 |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT woodbenjamin upinsmokeagriculturalcommercializationrisingfoodpricesandstuntinginmalawi AT nelsoncarl upinsmokeagriculturalcommercializationrisingfoodpricesandstuntinginmalawi AT kilictalip upinsmokeagriculturalcommercializationrisingfoodpricesandstuntinginmalawi AT murraysiobhan upinsmokeagriculturalcommercializationrisingfoodpricesandstuntinginmalawi |
| _version_ |
1807157337296732160 |
| spelling |
dig-okr-10986168642024-08-08T14:17:13Z Up in Smoke? Agricultural Commercialization, Rising Food Prices and Stunting in Malawi Wood, Benjamin Nelson, Carl Kilic, Talip Murray, Siobhan AGGREGATE HOUSEHOLD INCOME AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AGRICULTURAL GROWTH AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY AGRICULTURAL SEASON AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AGRICULTURE ARABLE LAND CALORIC INTAKE CASH CROPS CASH-CROP CENTRAL REGION CHILD DEVELOPMENT CHILD MORTALITY CHILD NUTRITION COVARIATE SHOCKS CROP INCOME CROP PRODUCTION CURING DISASTERS DIVERSIFICATION DROUGHT ECOLOGICAL ZONES ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC SHOCKS FAMILIES FAMINE FARM AREA FARM HOUSEHOLDS FARM MANAGEMENT FARM PRODUCTION FARMERS FOOD AID FOOD AVAILABILITY FOOD COMMODITIES FOOD CONSUMPTION FOOD CROP FOOD CROP PRODUCTION FOOD CROPS FOOD INSECURITY FOOD MARKETS FOOD NECESSITIES FOOD POLICY FOOD POLICY RESEARCH FOOD PRICE FOOD PRICES FOOD PRODUCTION FOOD SECURITY FOOD SELF-SUFFICIENCY FOOD STOCKS GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS GRAIN RESERVES HAZARDS HEALTH INTERVENTIONS HEALTH OUTCOMES HIGH POPULATION DENSITY HOUSEHOLD INCOME HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD WELFARE HOUSING HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INADEQUATE FOOD INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME GROWTH INCOME QUINTILE INEQUALITY INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE INTERVENTION IRRIGATION LAND HOLDINGS LAND TENURE MAIZE MALNUTRITION MARKET FAILURES MARKETING MATERNAL HEALTH MORTALITY NUTRITION NUTRITION OUTCOMES NUTRITIONAL STATUS PEDIATRICS PESTICIDES POLITICAL ECONOMY POOR POOR SMALLHOLDERS POVERTY ALLEVIATION POVERTY RATE POVERTY REDUCTION PREGNANCY PRESCHOOL CHILDREN PRODUCTION FUNCTION REGIONAL BOUNDARY RICE RISK FACTORS RISK REDUCTION RURAL RURAL AREAS RURAL DEVELOPMENT RURAL INCOME RURAL LIVELIHOODS RURAL POOR SAVINGS SCHOOLING SMALL FARMS SMALLHOLDER AGRICULTURE SMALLHOLDER FARMERS SMALLHOLDER HOUSEHOLDS SOCIAL CAPITAL SOCIAL PROTECTION SPATIAL DIFFERENCES STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT SUBSISTENCE SUGARCANE SUSTAINABLE GROWTH TARGETING TEA TOBACCO INDUSTRY VEGETABLE CROPS VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT WAR WATER AVAILABILITY WELFARE IMPROVEMENTS Diversification into high-value cash crops among smallholders has been propagated as a strategy to improve welfare in rural areas. However, the extent to which cash crop production spurs projected gains remains an under-researched question, especially in the context of market imperfections leading to non-separable production and consumption decisions, and price shocks to staple crops that might be displaced on the farm by cash crops. This study is a contribution to the long-standing debate on the links between commercialization and nutrition. It uses nationally-representative household survey data from Malawi, and estimates the effect of household adoption of an export crop, namely tobacco, on child height-for-age z-scores. Given the endogenous nature of household tobacco adoption, the analysis relies on instrumental variable regressions, and isolates the causal effect by comparing impact estimates informed by two unique samples of children that differ in their exposure to an exogenous domestic staple food price shock during the early child development window (from conception through two years of age). The analysis finds that household tobacco production in the year of or the year after child birth, combined with exposure to an exogenous domestic staple food price shock, lowers the child height-for-age z-score by 1.27, implying a 70-percent drop in z-score. The negative effect is, however, not statistically significant among children who were not exposed to the same shock. The results put emphasis on the food insecurity and malnutrition risks materializing at times of high food prices, which might have disproportionately adverse effects on uninsured cash crop producers. 2014-02-04T16:59:28Z 2014-02-04T16:59:28Z 2013-10 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/10/18371657/up-smoke-agricultural-commercialization-rising-food-prices-stunting-malawi https://hdl.handle.net/10986/16864 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper;No. 6650 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank application/pdf text/plain World Bank, Washington, DC |