Household Welfare, the Labor Market, and Social Programs in Albania
The paper provides an overview of household welfare, labor markets, and social programs in Albania, outside of its capital, in 1996. At the time, Albania was in a cross roads, from a period of phenomenal growth, to a series of economic crisis, though still ranking as the poorest country in the Central and Eastern Europe Region. The main findings suggest that the majority of the poor are rural, self-employed in agriculture, a result of Albania's large rural population that is mainly employed in subsistence agriculture. These households also have the highest poverty incidence, followed by out of labor force individuals, and the unemployed. Not surprising, the highest poverty incidence is in the rural north, requiring subsidized wheat, and cash transfers to survive difficult winters. Interestingly, migration is a major coping strategy in Albania: households with no migrants, were poorer than those where a family member was working abroad. The study raises concern about the education system, and safety nets, considering there are high drop out rates in basic, and secondary education among the poor, and, education spending is biased against the poor, except in basic education. Moreover, health outcomes are particularly worse among the poor. The study notes that outside of pensions, Albania's social protection system appears moderately well targeted to the poor, however, high tax rates, and limited wage base, makes a contribution based social protection system questionable.
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dig-okr-1098614015 |
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koha |
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Banco Mundial |
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Estados Unidos |
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US |
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En linea |
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dig-okr |
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biblioteca |
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America del Norte |
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Biblioteca del Banco Mundial |
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English en_US |
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AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AIR AQUIFERS AVERAGE AGE BASIC EDUCATION CHRONIC DISEASE CHRONIC ILLNESS CONSUMPTION PATTERNS DATA SET DEVELOPMENT POLICY ECOLOGY ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT ECONOMIC REFORM ECONOMICS EDUCATION LEVEL EDUCATION PROGRAMS EMPLOYMENT STATUS ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE EXPENDITURE CATEGORY FAMILIES FINANCIAL SECTOR FOOD EXPENDITURES FOREST MANAGEMENT GINI COEFFICIENT GROWTH PROCESS HEALTH CARE HEALTH EDUCATION HEALTH OUTCOMES HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD HEAD HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD WELFARE HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IMMIGRATION IMMUNIZATION INCOME INCOME COUNTRIES INCOME GROUPS INCOME HOUSEHOLDS INCOME INEQUALITY INDIVIDUAL POVERTY INFANT MORTALITY INFECTIOUS DISEASES INFLATION INFLATION RATE INSURANCE INTERNATIONAL TRADE LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET REGULATIONS LABOR MARKETS LIFE EXPECTANCY LIVING CONDITIONS LIVING STANDARD LIVING STANDARDS LOW INCOME MARGINAL RETURNS MARKET ECONOMY MARKETING MEAN CONSUMPTION MIGRANTS MORTALITY PENSION SYSTEM POLICY MAKERS POLITICAL STABILITY POPULATION GROUPS POVERTY ALLEVIATION POVERTY LINE POVERTY RATE POVERTY RATES POVERTY REDUCTION PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIMARY SCHOOLS PRIVATE SECTOR PRIVATE SECTOR WORKERS PRIVATE SECTORS PRO-POOR PRODUCTIVITY PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PUBLIC EDUCATION PUBLIC EXPENDITURES PUBLIC POLICY PUBLIC PROGRAMS PUBLIC RESOURCES PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SERVICES PUBLIC SPENDING PUBLIC TRANSFERS PUBLIC UTILITIES REAL TERMS REAL WAGES REDUCED INEQUALITY RURAL AREAS RURAL HOUSEHOLDS RURAL POPULATION SAFETY SAFETY NET SAFETY NETS SAMPLE SIZE SAVINGS SCHOOL GRADUATES SECTOR EMPLOYMENT SECTOR REFORMS SECTORAL COMPOSITION SMOKING SOCIAL ASSISTANCE SOCIAL CAPITAL SOCIAL INSURANCE SOCIAL POLICY SOCIAL PROTECTION SOCIAL SERVICES SOCIAL SPENDING STATE ENTERPRISES STRUCTURAL REFORMS TAX RATES TERTIARY EDUCATION TRADE POLICY TRADE REGIME TRANSITION PROCESS UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT RATES URBAN AREAS URBAN CENTERS URBAN HOUSEHOLDS URBAN POPULATION WASTE WATER PRICING AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AIR AQUIFERS AVERAGE AGE BASIC EDUCATION CHRONIC DISEASE CHRONIC ILLNESS CONSUMPTION PATTERNS DATA SET DEVELOPMENT POLICY ECOLOGY ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT ECONOMIC REFORM ECONOMICS EDUCATION LEVEL EDUCATION PROGRAMS EMPLOYMENT STATUS ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE EXPENDITURE CATEGORY FAMILIES FINANCIAL SECTOR FOOD EXPENDITURES FOREST MANAGEMENT GINI COEFFICIENT GROWTH PROCESS HEALTH CARE HEALTH EDUCATION HEALTH OUTCOMES HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD HEAD HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD WELFARE HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IMMIGRATION IMMUNIZATION INCOME INCOME COUNTRIES INCOME GROUPS INCOME HOUSEHOLDS INCOME INEQUALITY INDIVIDUAL POVERTY INFANT MORTALITY INFECTIOUS DISEASES INFLATION INFLATION RATE INSURANCE INTERNATIONAL TRADE LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET REGULATIONS LABOR MARKETS LIFE EXPECTANCY LIVING CONDITIONS LIVING STANDARD LIVING STANDARDS LOW INCOME MARGINAL RETURNS MARKET ECONOMY MARKETING MEAN CONSUMPTION MIGRANTS MORTALITY PENSION SYSTEM POLICY MAKERS POLITICAL STABILITY POPULATION GROUPS POVERTY ALLEVIATION POVERTY LINE POVERTY RATE POVERTY RATES POVERTY REDUCTION PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIMARY SCHOOLS PRIVATE SECTOR PRIVATE SECTOR WORKERS PRIVATE SECTORS PRO-POOR PRODUCTIVITY PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PUBLIC EDUCATION PUBLIC EXPENDITURES PUBLIC POLICY PUBLIC PROGRAMS PUBLIC RESOURCES PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SERVICES PUBLIC SPENDING PUBLIC TRANSFERS PUBLIC UTILITIES REAL TERMS REAL WAGES REDUCED INEQUALITY RURAL AREAS RURAL HOUSEHOLDS RURAL POPULATION SAFETY SAFETY NET SAFETY NETS SAMPLE SIZE SAVINGS SCHOOL GRADUATES SECTOR EMPLOYMENT SECTOR REFORMS SECTORAL COMPOSITION SMOKING SOCIAL ASSISTANCE SOCIAL CAPITAL SOCIAL INSURANCE SOCIAL POLICY SOCIAL PROTECTION SOCIAL SERVICES SOCIAL SPENDING STATE ENTERPRISES STRUCTURAL REFORMS TAX RATES TERTIARY EDUCATION TRADE POLICY TRADE REGIME TRANSITION PROCESS UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT RATES URBAN AREAS URBAN CENTERS URBAN HOUSEHOLDS URBAN POPULATION WASTE WATER PRICING |
| spellingShingle |
AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AIR AQUIFERS AVERAGE AGE BASIC EDUCATION CHRONIC DISEASE CHRONIC ILLNESS CONSUMPTION PATTERNS DATA SET DEVELOPMENT POLICY ECOLOGY ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT ECONOMIC REFORM ECONOMICS EDUCATION LEVEL EDUCATION PROGRAMS EMPLOYMENT STATUS ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE EXPENDITURE CATEGORY FAMILIES FINANCIAL SECTOR FOOD EXPENDITURES FOREST MANAGEMENT GINI COEFFICIENT GROWTH PROCESS HEALTH CARE HEALTH EDUCATION HEALTH OUTCOMES HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD HEAD HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD WELFARE HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IMMIGRATION IMMUNIZATION INCOME INCOME COUNTRIES INCOME GROUPS INCOME HOUSEHOLDS INCOME INEQUALITY INDIVIDUAL POVERTY INFANT MORTALITY INFECTIOUS DISEASES INFLATION INFLATION RATE INSURANCE INTERNATIONAL TRADE LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET REGULATIONS LABOR MARKETS LIFE EXPECTANCY LIVING CONDITIONS LIVING STANDARD LIVING STANDARDS LOW INCOME MARGINAL RETURNS MARKET ECONOMY MARKETING MEAN CONSUMPTION MIGRANTS MORTALITY PENSION SYSTEM POLICY MAKERS POLITICAL STABILITY POPULATION GROUPS POVERTY ALLEVIATION POVERTY LINE POVERTY RATE POVERTY RATES POVERTY REDUCTION PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIMARY SCHOOLS PRIVATE SECTOR PRIVATE SECTOR WORKERS PRIVATE SECTORS PRO-POOR PRODUCTIVITY PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PUBLIC EDUCATION PUBLIC EXPENDITURES PUBLIC POLICY PUBLIC PROGRAMS PUBLIC RESOURCES PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SERVICES PUBLIC SPENDING PUBLIC TRANSFERS PUBLIC UTILITIES REAL TERMS REAL WAGES REDUCED INEQUALITY RURAL AREAS RURAL HOUSEHOLDS RURAL POPULATION SAFETY SAFETY NET SAFETY NETS SAMPLE SIZE SAVINGS SCHOOL GRADUATES SECTOR EMPLOYMENT SECTOR REFORMS SECTORAL COMPOSITION SMOKING SOCIAL ASSISTANCE SOCIAL CAPITAL SOCIAL INSURANCE SOCIAL POLICY SOCIAL PROTECTION SOCIAL SERVICES SOCIAL SPENDING STATE ENTERPRISES STRUCTURAL REFORMS TAX RATES TERTIARY EDUCATION TRADE POLICY TRADE REGIME TRANSITION PROCESS UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT RATES URBAN AREAS URBAN CENTERS URBAN HOUSEHOLDS URBAN POPULATION WASTE WATER PRICING AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AIR AQUIFERS AVERAGE AGE BASIC EDUCATION CHRONIC DISEASE CHRONIC ILLNESS CONSUMPTION PATTERNS DATA SET DEVELOPMENT POLICY ECOLOGY ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT ECONOMIC REFORM ECONOMICS EDUCATION LEVEL EDUCATION PROGRAMS EMPLOYMENT STATUS ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE EXPENDITURE CATEGORY FAMILIES FINANCIAL SECTOR FOOD EXPENDITURES FOREST MANAGEMENT GINI COEFFICIENT GROWTH PROCESS HEALTH CARE HEALTH EDUCATION HEALTH OUTCOMES HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD HEAD HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD WELFARE HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IMMIGRATION IMMUNIZATION INCOME INCOME COUNTRIES INCOME GROUPS INCOME HOUSEHOLDS INCOME INEQUALITY INDIVIDUAL POVERTY INFANT MORTALITY INFECTIOUS DISEASES INFLATION INFLATION RATE INSURANCE INTERNATIONAL TRADE LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET REGULATIONS LABOR MARKETS LIFE EXPECTANCY LIVING CONDITIONS LIVING STANDARD LIVING STANDARDS LOW INCOME MARGINAL RETURNS MARKET ECONOMY MARKETING MEAN CONSUMPTION MIGRANTS MORTALITY PENSION SYSTEM POLICY MAKERS POLITICAL STABILITY POPULATION GROUPS POVERTY ALLEVIATION POVERTY LINE POVERTY RATE POVERTY RATES POVERTY REDUCTION PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIMARY SCHOOLS PRIVATE SECTOR PRIVATE SECTOR WORKERS PRIVATE SECTORS PRO-POOR PRODUCTIVITY PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PUBLIC EDUCATION PUBLIC EXPENDITURES PUBLIC POLICY PUBLIC PROGRAMS PUBLIC RESOURCES PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SERVICES PUBLIC SPENDING PUBLIC TRANSFERS PUBLIC UTILITIES REAL TERMS REAL WAGES REDUCED INEQUALITY RURAL AREAS RURAL HOUSEHOLDS RURAL POPULATION SAFETY SAFETY NET SAFETY NETS SAMPLE SIZE SAVINGS SCHOOL GRADUATES SECTOR EMPLOYMENT SECTOR REFORMS SECTORAL COMPOSITION SMOKING SOCIAL ASSISTANCE SOCIAL CAPITAL SOCIAL INSURANCE SOCIAL POLICY SOCIAL PROTECTION SOCIAL SERVICES SOCIAL SPENDING STATE ENTERPRISES STRUCTURAL REFORMS TAX RATES TERTIARY EDUCATION TRADE POLICY TRADE REGIME TRANSITION PROCESS UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT RATES URBAN AREAS URBAN CENTERS URBAN HOUSEHOLDS URBAN POPULATION WASTE WATER PRICING Rashid, Mansoora Dorabawila, Vajeera Adams, Richard Household Welfare, the Labor Market, and Social Programs in Albania |
| description |
The paper provides an overview of
household welfare, labor markets, and social programs in
Albania, outside of its capital, in 1996. At the time,
Albania was in a cross roads, from a period of phenomenal
growth, to a series of economic crisis, though still ranking
as the poorest country in the Central and Eastern Europe
Region. The main findings suggest that the majority of the
poor are rural, self-employed in agriculture, a result of
Albania's large rural population that is mainly
employed in subsistence agriculture. These households also
have the highest poverty incidence, followed by out of labor
force individuals, and the unemployed. Not surprising, the
highest poverty incidence is in the rural north, requiring
subsidized wheat, and cash transfers to survive difficult
winters. Interestingly, migration is a major coping strategy
in Albania: households with no migrants, were poorer than
those where a family member was working abroad. The study
raises concern about the education system, and safety nets,
considering there are high drop out rates in basic, and
secondary education among the poor, and, education spending
is biased against the poor, except in basic education.
Moreover, health outcomes are particularly worse among the
poor. The study notes that outside of pensions,
Albania's social protection system appears moderately
well targeted to the poor, however, high tax rates, and
limited wage base, makes a contribution based social
protection system questionable. |
| topic_facet |
AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AIR AQUIFERS AVERAGE AGE BASIC EDUCATION CHRONIC DISEASE CHRONIC ILLNESS CONSUMPTION PATTERNS DATA SET DEVELOPMENT POLICY ECOLOGY ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT ECONOMIC REFORM ECONOMICS EDUCATION LEVEL EDUCATION PROGRAMS EMPLOYMENT STATUS ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE EXPENDITURE CATEGORY FAMILIES FINANCIAL SECTOR FOOD EXPENDITURES FOREST MANAGEMENT GINI COEFFICIENT GROWTH PROCESS HEALTH CARE HEALTH EDUCATION HEALTH OUTCOMES HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD HEAD HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD WELFARE HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IMMIGRATION IMMUNIZATION INCOME INCOME COUNTRIES INCOME GROUPS INCOME HOUSEHOLDS INCOME INEQUALITY INDIVIDUAL POVERTY INFANT MORTALITY INFECTIOUS DISEASES INFLATION INFLATION RATE INSURANCE INTERNATIONAL TRADE LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET REGULATIONS LABOR MARKETS LIFE EXPECTANCY LIVING CONDITIONS LIVING STANDARD LIVING STANDARDS LOW INCOME MARGINAL RETURNS MARKET ECONOMY MARKETING MEAN CONSUMPTION MIGRANTS MORTALITY PENSION SYSTEM POLICY MAKERS POLITICAL STABILITY POPULATION GROUPS POVERTY ALLEVIATION POVERTY LINE POVERTY RATE POVERTY RATES POVERTY REDUCTION PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIMARY SCHOOLS PRIVATE SECTOR PRIVATE SECTOR WORKERS PRIVATE SECTORS PRO-POOR PRODUCTIVITY PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PUBLIC EDUCATION PUBLIC EXPENDITURES PUBLIC POLICY PUBLIC PROGRAMS PUBLIC RESOURCES PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SERVICES PUBLIC SPENDING PUBLIC TRANSFERS PUBLIC UTILITIES REAL TERMS REAL WAGES REDUCED INEQUALITY RURAL AREAS RURAL HOUSEHOLDS RURAL POPULATION SAFETY SAFETY NET SAFETY NETS SAMPLE SIZE SAVINGS SCHOOL GRADUATES SECTOR EMPLOYMENT SECTOR REFORMS SECTORAL COMPOSITION SMOKING SOCIAL ASSISTANCE SOCIAL CAPITAL SOCIAL INSURANCE SOCIAL POLICY SOCIAL PROTECTION SOCIAL SERVICES SOCIAL SPENDING STATE ENTERPRISES STRUCTURAL REFORMS TAX RATES TERTIARY EDUCATION TRADE POLICY TRADE REGIME TRANSITION PROCESS UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT RATES URBAN AREAS URBAN CENTERS URBAN HOUSEHOLDS URBAN POPULATION WASTE WATER PRICING |
| author |
Rashid, Mansoora Dorabawila, Vajeera Adams, Richard |
| author_facet |
Rashid, Mansoora Dorabawila, Vajeera Adams, Richard |
| author_sort |
Rashid, Mansoora |
| title |
Household Welfare, the Labor Market, and Social Programs in Albania |
| title_short |
Household Welfare, the Labor Market, and Social Programs in Albania |
| title_full |
Household Welfare, the Labor Market, and Social Programs in Albania |
| title_fullStr |
Household Welfare, the Labor Market, and Social Programs in Albania |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Household Welfare, the Labor Market, and Social Programs in Albania |
| title_sort |
household welfare, the labor market, and social programs in albania |
| publisher |
Washington, DC: World Bank |
| publishDate |
2001-05 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2001/05/1631732/household-welfare-labor-market-social-programs-albania https://hdl.handle.net/10986/14015 |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT rashidmansoora householdwelfarethelabormarketandsocialprogramsinalbania AT dorabawilavajeera householdwelfarethelabormarketandsocialprogramsinalbania AT adamsrichard householdwelfarethelabormarketandsocialprogramsinalbania |
| _version_ |
1807154577377591296 |
| spelling |
dig-okr-10986140152024-08-08T17:58:52Z Household Welfare, the Labor Market, and Social Programs in Albania Rashid, Mansoora Dorabawila, Vajeera Adams, Richard AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AIR AQUIFERS AVERAGE AGE BASIC EDUCATION CHRONIC DISEASE CHRONIC ILLNESS CONSUMPTION PATTERNS DATA SET DEVELOPMENT POLICY ECOLOGY ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT ECONOMIC REFORM ECONOMICS EDUCATION LEVEL EDUCATION PROGRAMS EMPLOYMENT STATUS ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE EXPENDITURE CATEGORY FAMILIES FINANCIAL SECTOR FOOD EXPENDITURES FOREST MANAGEMENT GINI COEFFICIENT GROWTH PROCESS HEALTH CARE HEALTH EDUCATION HEALTH OUTCOMES HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD HEAD HOUSEHOLD SIZE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY HOUSEHOLD WELFARE HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IMMIGRATION IMMUNIZATION INCOME INCOME COUNTRIES INCOME GROUPS INCOME HOUSEHOLDS INCOME INEQUALITY INDIVIDUAL POVERTY INFANT MORTALITY INFECTIOUS DISEASES INFLATION INFLATION RATE INSURANCE INTERNATIONAL TRADE LABOR FORCE LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET REGULATIONS LABOR MARKETS LIFE EXPECTANCY LIVING CONDITIONS LIVING STANDARD LIVING STANDARDS LOW INCOME MARGINAL RETURNS MARKET ECONOMY MARKETING MEAN CONSUMPTION MIGRANTS MORTALITY PENSION SYSTEM POLICY MAKERS POLITICAL STABILITY POPULATION GROUPS POVERTY ALLEVIATION POVERTY LINE POVERTY RATE POVERTY RATES POVERTY REDUCTION PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIMARY SCHOOLS PRIVATE SECTOR PRIVATE SECTOR WORKERS PRIVATE SECTORS PRO-POOR PRODUCTIVITY PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PUBLIC EDUCATION PUBLIC EXPENDITURES PUBLIC POLICY PUBLIC PROGRAMS PUBLIC RESOURCES PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SERVICES PUBLIC SPENDING PUBLIC TRANSFERS PUBLIC UTILITIES REAL TERMS REAL WAGES REDUCED INEQUALITY RURAL AREAS RURAL HOUSEHOLDS RURAL POPULATION SAFETY SAFETY NET SAFETY NETS SAMPLE SIZE SAVINGS SCHOOL GRADUATES SECTOR EMPLOYMENT SECTOR REFORMS SECTORAL COMPOSITION SMOKING SOCIAL ASSISTANCE SOCIAL CAPITAL SOCIAL INSURANCE SOCIAL POLICY SOCIAL PROTECTION SOCIAL SERVICES SOCIAL SPENDING STATE ENTERPRISES STRUCTURAL REFORMS TAX RATES TERTIARY EDUCATION TRADE POLICY TRADE REGIME TRANSITION PROCESS UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT RATES URBAN AREAS URBAN CENTERS URBAN HOUSEHOLDS URBAN POPULATION WASTE WATER PRICING The paper provides an overview of household welfare, labor markets, and social programs in Albania, outside of its capital, in 1996. At the time, Albania was in a cross roads, from a period of phenomenal growth, to a series of economic crisis, though still ranking as the poorest country in the Central and Eastern Europe Region. The main findings suggest that the majority of the poor are rural, self-employed in agriculture, a result of Albania's large rural population that is mainly employed in subsistence agriculture. These households also have the highest poverty incidence, followed by out of labor force individuals, and the unemployed. Not surprising, the highest poverty incidence is in the rural north, requiring subsidized wheat, and cash transfers to survive difficult winters. Interestingly, migration is a major coping strategy in Albania: households with no migrants, were poorer than those where a family member was working abroad. The study raises concern about the education system, and safety nets, considering there are high drop out rates in basic, and secondary education among the poor, and, education spending is biased against the poor, except in basic education. Moreover, health outcomes are particularly worse among the poor. The study notes that outside of pensions, Albania's social protection system appears moderately well targeted to the poor, however, high tax rates, and limited wage base, makes a contribution based social protection system questionable. 2013-06-19T17:25:33Z 2013-06-19T17:25:33Z 2001-05 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2001/05/1631732/household-welfare-labor-market-social-programs-albania 0-8213-4963-5 https://hdl.handle.net/10986/14015 English en_US World Bank Technical Paper;No. 503 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo World Bank application/pdf text/plain Washington, DC: World Bank |