Small States : Performance in Public Debt Management

This paper analyzes the status of public debt management performance in 17 small states through the findings of the Debt Management Performance Assessment reports. Empirical evidence indicates that the higher the quality of a country's policies and institutions, the better is its capacity to carry debt and withstand exogenous shocks. Borrowing for productive purposes can be an important element in boosting growth of gross domestic product but, conversely, excessive borrowing or poorly structured debt in terms of maturity, currency, or interest rate composition can quickly offset the positive impact, deter new foreign and domestic investment, compromise reform programs, depress growth of gross domestic product, exacerbate the challenge of meeting debt service obligations, and may induce or propagate economic crises. Arguments in favor of sound debt management are especially compelling for small states that must mitigate the particular risks to which their economies are exposed. Against this backdrop, the paper identifies aspects of debt management where small states do relatively well and those where they perform poorly, relative to other developing countries, and examines the underlying factors at play. It elaborates on some of the successful measures taken by small states to enhance debt management performance and considers how these may be applied more broadly in other small states. The paper offers a number of practical suggestions to strengthen debt management performance.

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Prasad, Abha, Pollock, Malvina, Li, Ying
Language:English
en_US
Published: World Bank, Washington, DC 2013-02
Subjects:ACCOUNTING, ACCOUNTING STANDARDS, ACTIVE DEBT, AGGREGATE DEBT, ASPECTS OF DEBT MANAGEMENT, ASSET PRICE, AUCTION, AUCTIONS, BALANCE SHEET, BANK FINANCING, BENCHMARK BONDS, BENEFICIARIES, BID, BOND, BOND MARKETS, BORROWING COSTS, BORROWING PLAN, BORROWING PLANS, BROKER, BROKERS, BUYBACK, CAPACITY CONSTRAINTS, CAPITAL ADEQUACY, CAPITAL FLOWS, CAPITAL INVESTMENT, CAPITAL MARKET, CASH BALANCE, CASH FLOW, CASH FLOWS, CENTRAL BANK, CENTRAL BANKS, CENTRAL GOVERNMENT DEBT, COMMERCIAL BANKS, COMMODITY PRICES, CONTINGENT LIABILITIES, COUPONS, CREDITWORTHINESS, CURRENCY, CURRENCY RISKS, CURRENT ACCOUNT, CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICITS, DEBT ACCUMULATION, DEBT BURDENS, DEBT COMPOSITION, DEBT CRISES, DEBT DATA, DEBT DYNAMICS, DEBT FORGIVENESS, DEBT ISSUES, DEBT LEVELS, DEBT MANAGEMENT CAPACITY, DEBT MANAGEMENT POLICIES, DEBT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES, DEBT MANAGERS, DEBT MARKET, DEBT OBLIGATIONS, DEBT PORTFOLIOS, DEBT PROBLEM, DEBT PROBLEMS, DEBT RATIOS, DEBT RELIEF, DEBT REPORTS, DEBT RESTRUCTURING, DEBT SERVICE, DEBT SERVICE OBLIGATIONS, DEBT SERVICE PAYMENTS, DEBT TRANSACTIONS, DEBT-SERVICE, DEBTOR, DEBTOR REPORTING SYSTEM, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DOMESTIC BORROWING, DOMESTIC BORROWINGS, DOMESTIC DEBT, DOMESTIC DEBT MARKETS, DOMESTIC MARKET, DOMESTIC MARKETS, DOMESTIC SECURITY, ENABLING ENVIRONMENT, ENFORCEMENT MECHANISMS, EXCESS LIQUIDITY, EXCESSIVE BORROWING, EXPENDITURES, EXTERNAL BORROWING, EXTERNAL DEBT, EXTERNAL DEBT INDICATORS, EXTERNAL FINANCING, EXTERNAL INDEBTEDNESS, EXTERNAL PUBLIC DEBT, FINANCIAL CRISIS, FINANCIAL INSTABILITY, FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, FINANCIAL MARKET, FISCAL DEFICITS, FISCAL POLICIES, FISCAL POLICY, FIXED EXCHANGE RATE, FIXED INCOME, FIXED INCOME SECURITIES, FOREIGN CURRENCY, FOREIGN INVESTMENT, FOREIGN MARKETS, FUNGIBLE, GLOBAL ECONOMY, GOVERNMENT FINANCING, GOVERNMENT SECURITIES, GOVERNMENT SECURITY, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, HOLDING, HUMAN RESOURCE, INCOME LEVEL, INCOME LEVELS, INCOME VOLATILITY, INDEBTEDNESS, INFLATION, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR DEBT MANAGEMENT, INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY, INSTITUTIONAL INVESTORS, INSTRUMENT, INSURANCE, INSURANCE COMPANIES, INTEREST RATE, INTEREST RATE SWAPS, INTERNATIONAL BANK, INTERNATIONAL DEBT, INVESTMENT PROJECTS, INVESTOR BASE, INVESTOR DEMAND, ISSUANCE, LEGAL FRAMEWORK, LEGAL FRAMEWORKS, LEGAL SYSTEM, LEVEL PLAYING FIELD, LIQUID BENCHMARK, LIQUID DOMESTIC DEBT MARKETS, LOAN, LOAN CONTRACT, LOAN GUARANTEES, LOCAL CURRENCIES, LOCAL CURRENCY, LOCAL SECURITIES, LONG-TERM INVESTORS, LONG-TERM LIABILITIES, MACROECONOMIC MANAGEMENT, MACROECONOMIC POLICIES, MARKET DATA, MARKET DEPTH, MARKET DEVELOPMENT, MARKET DISCIPLINE, MARKET MAKERS, MARKET PARTICIPANTS, MATURITIES, MATURITY, MEASUREMENT OF DEBT, MONETARY FUND, MONETARY POLICIES, MONETARY POLICY, NATIONAL DEBT, NATIONAL DEBT MANAGEMENT, NATURAL DISASTER, NATURAL DISASTERS, NET PRESENT VALUE OF DEBT, OPEN ECONOMIES, OUTSTANDING DEBT, PENSION, PENSION FUND, PENSION FUNDS, POLITICAL STABILITY, PORTFOLIO, PORTFOLIO RISK, PORTFOLIOS, POTENTIAL INVESTORS, PRIMARY MARKET, PRIVATE CREDITORS, PUBLIC BORROWING, PUBLIC DEBT, PUBLIC DEBT MANAGEMENT, PUBLIC FINANCE, PUBLIC FINANCES, PUBLIC SECTOR DEBT, PUBLIC SECTOR DEFICITS, PURCHASING POWER, QUALITY OF DEBT MANAGEMENT, REGISTRY SYSTEM, REGULATORY FRAMEWORK, REGULATORY INFRASTRUCTURE, REMITTANCE, RESERVE, RESERVES, RETAIL INVESTORS, RISK FACTORS, RISK MANAGEMENT, SECONDARY MARKET, SECONDARY MARKETS, SECONDARY TRADING, SECURITIES EXCHANGE, SECURITY MARKET, SETTLEMENT, SETTLEMENT SYSTEM, SETTLEMENT SYSTEMS, SOVEREIGN DEBT, SUBSTANTIAL DEBT, T-BONDS, TAX, TOTAL DEBT, TRADING, TRANSACTION, TRANSACTION COSTS, TRANSPARENCY, TREASURY, TREASURY BILLS, TREASURY BONDS, TREASURY NOTES, TURNOVER, UNIFORM PRICE, UNIFORM PRICE AUCTION, USE OF DERIVATIVES, YIELD CURVE, ZERO COUPON,
Online Access:http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/02/17225559/small-states-performance-public-debt-management
https://hdl.handle.net/10986/13165
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databasecode dig-okr
tag biblioteca
region America del Norte
libraryname Biblioteca del Banco Mundial
language English
en_US
topic ACCOUNTING
ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
ACTIVE DEBT
AGGREGATE DEBT
ASPECTS OF DEBT MANAGEMENT
ASSET PRICE
AUCTION
AUCTIONS
BALANCE SHEET
BANK FINANCING
BENCHMARK BONDS
BENEFICIARIES
BID
BOND
BOND MARKETS
BORROWING COSTS
BORROWING PLAN
BORROWING PLANS
BROKER
BROKERS
BUYBACK
CAPACITY CONSTRAINTS
CAPITAL ADEQUACY
CAPITAL FLOWS
CAPITAL INVESTMENT
CAPITAL MARKET
CASH BALANCE
CASH FLOW
CASH FLOWS
CENTRAL BANK
CENTRAL BANKS
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT DEBT
COMMERCIAL BANKS
COMMODITY PRICES
CONTINGENT LIABILITIES
COUPONS
CREDITWORTHINESS
CURRENCY
CURRENCY RISKS
CURRENT ACCOUNT
CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICITS
DEBT ACCUMULATION
DEBT BURDENS
DEBT COMPOSITION
DEBT CRISES
DEBT DATA
DEBT DYNAMICS
DEBT FORGIVENESS
DEBT ISSUES
DEBT LEVELS
DEBT MANAGEMENT CAPACITY
DEBT MANAGEMENT POLICIES
DEBT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
DEBT MANAGERS
DEBT MARKET
DEBT OBLIGATIONS
DEBT PORTFOLIOS
DEBT PROBLEM
DEBT PROBLEMS
DEBT RATIOS
DEBT RELIEF
DEBT REPORTS
DEBT RESTRUCTURING
DEBT SERVICE
DEBT SERVICE OBLIGATIONS
DEBT SERVICE PAYMENTS
DEBT TRANSACTIONS
DEBT-SERVICE
DEBTOR
DEBTOR REPORTING SYSTEM
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
DOMESTIC BORROWING
DOMESTIC BORROWINGS
DOMESTIC DEBT
DOMESTIC DEBT MARKETS
DOMESTIC MARKET
DOMESTIC MARKETS
DOMESTIC SECURITY
ENABLING ENVIRONMENT
ENFORCEMENT MECHANISMS
EXCESS LIQUIDITY
EXCESSIVE BORROWING
EXPENDITURES
EXTERNAL BORROWING
EXTERNAL DEBT
EXTERNAL DEBT INDICATORS
EXTERNAL FINANCING
EXTERNAL INDEBTEDNESS
EXTERNAL PUBLIC DEBT
FINANCIAL CRISIS
FINANCIAL INSTABILITY
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
FINANCIAL MARKET
FISCAL DEFICITS
FISCAL POLICIES
FISCAL POLICY
FIXED EXCHANGE RATE
FIXED INCOME
FIXED INCOME SECURITIES
FOREIGN CURRENCY
FOREIGN INVESTMENT
FOREIGN MARKETS
FUNGIBLE
GLOBAL ECONOMY
GOVERNMENT FINANCING
GOVERNMENT SECURITIES
GOVERNMENT SECURITY
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
HOLDING
HUMAN RESOURCE
INCOME LEVEL
INCOME LEVELS
INCOME VOLATILITY
INDEBTEDNESS
INFLATION
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR DEBT MANAGEMENT
INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY
INSTITUTIONAL INVESTORS
INSTRUMENT
INSURANCE
INSURANCE COMPANIES
INTEREST RATE
INTEREST RATE SWAPS
INTERNATIONAL BANK
INTERNATIONAL DEBT
INVESTMENT PROJECTS
INVESTOR BASE
INVESTOR DEMAND
ISSUANCE
LEGAL FRAMEWORK
LEGAL FRAMEWORKS
LEGAL SYSTEM
LEVEL PLAYING FIELD
LIQUID BENCHMARK
LIQUID DOMESTIC DEBT MARKETS
LOAN
LOAN CONTRACT
LOAN GUARANTEES
LOCAL CURRENCIES
LOCAL CURRENCY
LOCAL SECURITIES
LONG-TERM INVESTORS
LONG-TERM LIABILITIES
MACROECONOMIC MANAGEMENT
MACROECONOMIC POLICIES
MARKET DATA
MARKET DEPTH
MARKET DEVELOPMENT
MARKET DISCIPLINE
MARKET MAKERS
MARKET PARTICIPANTS
MATURITIES
MATURITY
MEASUREMENT OF DEBT
MONETARY FUND
MONETARY POLICIES
MONETARY POLICY
NATIONAL DEBT
NATIONAL DEBT MANAGEMENT
NATURAL DISASTER
NATURAL DISASTERS
NET PRESENT VALUE OF DEBT
OPEN ECONOMIES
OUTSTANDING DEBT
PENSION
PENSION FUND
PENSION FUNDS
POLITICAL STABILITY
PORTFOLIO
PORTFOLIO RISK
PORTFOLIOS
POTENTIAL INVESTORS
PRIMARY MARKET
PRIVATE CREDITORS
PUBLIC BORROWING
PUBLIC DEBT
PUBLIC DEBT MANAGEMENT
PUBLIC FINANCE
PUBLIC FINANCES
PUBLIC SECTOR DEBT
PUBLIC SECTOR DEFICITS
PURCHASING POWER
QUALITY OF DEBT MANAGEMENT
REGISTRY SYSTEM
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
REGULATORY INFRASTRUCTURE
REMITTANCE
RESERVE
RESERVES
RETAIL INVESTORS
RISK FACTORS
RISK MANAGEMENT
SECONDARY MARKET
SECONDARY MARKETS
SECONDARY TRADING
SECURITIES EXCHANGE
SECURITY MARKET
SETTLEMENT
SETTLEMENT SYSTEM
SETTLEMENT SYSTEMS
SOVEREIGN DEBT
SUBSTANTIAL DEBT
T-BONDS
TAX
TOTAL DEBT
TRADING
TRANSACTION
TRANSACTION COSTS
TRANSPARENCY
TREASURY
TREASURY BILLS
TREASURY BONDS
TREASURY NOTES
TURNOVER
UNIFORM PRICE
UNIFORM PRICE AUCTION
USE OF DERIVATIVES
YIELD CURVE
ZERO COUPON
ACCOUNTING
ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
ACTIVE DEBT
AGGREGATE DEBT
ASPECTS OF DEBT MANAGEMENT
ASSET PRICE
AUCTION
AUCTIONS
BALANCE SHEET
BANK FINANCING
BENCHMARK BONDS
BENEFICIARIES
BID
BOND
BOND MARKETS
BORROWING COSTS
BORROWING PLAN
BORROWING PLANS
BROKER
BROKERS
BUYBACK
CAPACITY CONSTRAINTS
CAPITAL ADEQUACY
CAPITAL FLOWS
CAPITAL INVESTMENT
CAPITAL MARKET
CASH BALANCE
CASH FLOW
CASH FLOWS
CENTRAL BANK
CENTRAL BANKS
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT DEBT
COMMERCIAL BANKS
COMMODITY PRICES
CONTINGENT LIABILITIES
COUPONS
CREDITWORTHINESS
CURRENCY
CURRENCY RISKS
CURRENT ACCOUNT
CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICITS
DEBT ACCUMULATION
DEBT BURDENS
DEBT COMPOSITION
DEBT CRISES
DEBT DATA
DEBT DYNAMICS
DEBT FORGIVENESS
DEBT ISSUES
DEBT LEVELS
DEBT MANAGEMENT CAPACITY
DEBT MANAGEMENT POLICIES
DEBT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
DEBT MANAGERS
DEBT MARKET
DEBT OBLIGATIONS
DEBT PORTFOLIOS
DEBT PROBLEM
DEBT PROBLEMS
DEBT RATIOS
DEBT RELIEF
DEBT REPORTS
DEBT RESTRUCTURING
DEBT SERVICE
DEBT SERVICE OBLIGATIONS
DEBT SERVICE PAYMENTS
DEBT TRANSACTIONS
DEBT-SERVICE
DEBTOR
DEBTOR REPORTING SYSTEM
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
DOMESTIC BORROWING
DOMESTIC BORROWINGS
DOMESTIC DEBT
DOMESTIC DEBT MARKETS
DOMESTIC MARKET
DOMESTIC MARKETS
DOMESTIC SECURITY
ENABLING ENVIRONMENT
ENFORCEMENT MECHANISMS
EXCESS LIQUIDITY
EXCESSIVE BORROWING
EXPENDITURES
EXTERNAL BORROWING
EXTERNAL DEBT
EXTERNAL DEBT INDICATORS
EXTERNAL FINANCING
EXTERNAL INDEBTEDNESS
EXTERNAL PUBLIC DEBT
FINANCIAL CRISIS
FINANCIAL INSTABILITY
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
FINANCIAL MARKET
FISCAL DEFICITS
FISCAL POLICIES
FISCAL POLICY
FIXED EXCHANGE RATE
FIXED INCOME
FIXED INCOME SECURITIES
FOREIGN CURRENCY
FOREIGN INVESTMENT
FOREIGN MARKETS
FUNGIBLE
GLOBAL ECONOMY
GOVERNMENT FINANCING
GOVERNMENT SECURITIES
GOVERNMENT SECURITY
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
HOLDING
HUMAN RESOURCE
INCOME LEVEL
INCOME LEVELS
INCOME VOLATILITY
INDEBTEDNESS
INFLATION
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR DEBT MANAGEMENT
INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY
INSTITUTIONAL INVESTORS
INSTRUMENT
INSURANCE
INSURANCE COMPANIES
INTEREST RATE
INTEREST RATE SWAPS
INTERNATIONAL BANK
INTERNATIONAL DEBT
INVESTMENT PROJECTS
INVESTOR BASE
INVESTOR DEMAND
ISSUANCE
LEGAL FRAMEWORK
LEGAL FRAMEWORKS
LEGAL SYSTEM
LEVEL PLAYING FIELD
LIQUID BENCHMARK
LIQUID DOMESTIC DEBT MARKETS
LOAN
LOAN CONTRACT
LOAN GUARANTEES
LOCAL CURRENCIES
LOCAL CURRENCY
LOCAL SECURITIES
LONG-TERM INVESTORS
LONG-TERM LIABILITIES
MACROECONOMIC MANAGEMENT
MACROECONOMIC POLICIES
MARKET DATA
MARKET DEPTH
MARKET DEVELOPMENT
MARKET DISCIPLINE
MARKET MAKERS
MARKET PARTICIPANTS
MATURITIES
MATURITY
MEASUREMENT OF DEBT
MONETARY FUND
MONETARY POLICIES
MONETARY POLICY
NATIONAL DEBT
NATIONAL DEBT MANAGEMENT
NATURAL DISASTER
NATURAL DISASTERS
NET PRESENT VALUE OF DEBT
OPEN ECONOMIES
OUTSTANDING DEBT
PENSION
PENSION FUND
PENSION FUNDS
POLITICAL STABILITY
PORTFOLIO
PORTFOLIO RISK
PORTFOLIOS
POTENTIAL INVESTORS
PRIMARY MARKET
PRIVATE CREDITORS
PUBLIC BORROWING
PUBLIC DEBT
PUBLIC DEBT MANAGEMENT
PUBLIC FINANCE
PUBLIC FINANCES
PUBLIC SECTOR DEBT
PUBLIC SECTOR DEFICITS
PURCHASING POWER
QUALITY OF DEBT MANAGEMENT
REGISTRY SYSTEM
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
REGULATORY INFRASTRUCTURE
REMITTANCE
RESERVE
RESERVES
RETAIL INVESTORS
RISK FACTORS
RISK MANAGEMENT
SECONDARY MARKET
SECONDARY MARKETS
SECONDARY TRADING
SECURITIES EXCHANGE
SECURITY MARKET
SETTLEMENT
SETTLEMENT SYSTEM
SETTLEMENT SYSTEMS
SOVEREIGN DEBT
SUBSTANTIAL DEBT
T-BONDS
TAX
TOTAL DEBT
TRADING
TRANSACTION
TRANSACTION COSTS
TRANSPARENCY
TREASURY
TREASURY BILLS
TREASURY BONDS
TREASURY NOTES
TURNOVER
UNIFORM PRICE
UNIFORM PRICE AUCTION
USE OF DERIVATIVES
YIELD CURVE
ZERO COUPON
spellingShingle ACCOUNTING
ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
ACTIVE DEBT
AGGREGATE DEBT
ASPECTS OF DEBT MANAGEMENT
ASSET PRICE
AUCTION
AUCTIONS
BALANCE SHEET
BANK FINANCING
BENCHMARK BONDS
BENEFICIARIES
BID
BOND
BOND MARKETS
BORROWING COSTS
BORROWING PLAN
BORROWING PLANS
BROKER
BROKERS
BUYBACK
CAPACITY CONSTRAINTS
CAPITAL ADEQUACY
CAPITAL FLOWS
CAPITAL INVESTMENT
CAPITAL MARKET
CASH BALANCE
CASH FLOW
CASH FLOWS
CENTRAL BANK
CENTRAL BANKS
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT DEBT
COMMERCIAL BANKS
COMMODITY PRICES
CONTINGENT LIABILITIES
COUPONS
CREDITWORTHINESS
CURRENCY
CURRENCY RISKS
CURRENT ACCOUNT
CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICITS
DEBT ACCUMULATION
DEBT BURDENS
DEBT COMPOSITION
DEBT CRISES
DEBT DATA
DEBT DYNAMICS
DEBT FORGIVENESS
DEBT ISSUES
DEBT LEVELS
DEBT MANAGEMENT CAPACITY
DEBT MANAGEMENT POLICIES
DEBT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
DEBT MANAGERS
DEBT MARKET
DEBT OBLIGATIONS
DEBT PORTFOLIOS
DEBT PROBLEM
DEBT PROBLEMS
DEBT RATIOS
DEBT RELIEF
DEBT REPORTS
DEBT RESTRUCTURING
DEBT SERVICE
DEBT SERVICE OBLIGATIONS
DEBT SERVICE PAYMENTS
DEBT TRANSACTIONS
DEBT-SERVICE
DEBTOR
DEBTOR REPORTING SYSTEM
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
DOMESTIC BORROWING
DOMESTIC BORROWINGS
DOMESTIC DEBT
DOMESTIC DEBT MARKETS
DOMESTIC MARKET
DOMESTIC MARKETS
DOMESTIC SECURITY
ENABLING ENVIRONMENT
ENFORCEMENT MECHANISMS
EXCESS LIQUIDITY
EXCESSIVE BORROWING
EXPENDITURES
EXTERNAL BORROWING
EXTERNAL DEBT
EXTERNAL DEBT INDICATORS
EXTERNAL FINANCING
EXTERNAL INDEBTEDNESS
EXTERNAL PUBLIC DEBT
FINANCIAL CRISIS
FINANCIAL INSTABILITY
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
FINANCIAL MARKET
FISCAL DEFICITS
FISCAL POLICIES
FISCAL POLICY
FIXED EXCHANGE RATE
FIXED INCOME
FIXED INCOME SECURITIES
FOREIGN CURRENCY
FOREIGN INVESTMENT
FOREIGN MARKETS
FUNGIBLE
GLOBAL ECONOMY
GOVERNMENT FINANCING
GOVERNMENT SECURITIES
GOVERNMENT SECURITY
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
HOLDING
HUMAN RESOURCE
INCOME LEVEL
INCOME LEVELS
INCOME VOLATILITY
INDEBTEDNESS
INFLATION
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR DEBT MANAGEMENT
INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY
INSTITUTIONAL INVESTORS
INSTRUMENT
INSURANCE
INSURANCE COMPANIES
INTEREST RATE
INTEREST RATE SWAPS
INTERNATIONAL BANK
INTERNATIONAL DEBT
INVESTMENT PROJECTS
INVESTOR BASE
INVESTOR DEMAND
ISSUANCE
LEGAL FRAMEWORK
LEGAL FRAMEWORKS
LEGAL SYSTEM
LEVEL PLAYING FIELD
LIQUID BENCHMARK
LIQUID DOMESTIC DEBT MARKETS
LOAN
LOAN CONTRACT
LOAN GUARANTEES
LOCAL CURRENCIES
LOCAL CURRENCY
LOCAL SECURITIES
LONG-TERM INVESTORS
LONG-TERM LIABILITIES
MACROECONOMIC MANAGEMENT
MACROECONOMIC POLICIES
MARKET DATA
MARKET DEPTH
MARKET DEVELOPMENT
MARKET DISCIPLINE
MARKET MAKERS
MARKET PARTICIPANTS
MATURITIES
MATURITY
MEASUREMENT OF DEBT
MONETARY FUND
MONETARY POLICIES
MONETARY POLICY
NATIONAL DEBT
NATIONAL DEBT MANAGEMENT
NATURAL DISASTER
NATURAL DISASTERS
NET PRESENT VALUE OF DEBT
OPEN ECONOMIES
OUTSTANDING DEBT
PENSION
PENSION FUND
PENSION FUNDS
POLITICAL STABILITY
PORTFOLIO
PORTFOLIO RISK
PORTFOLIOS
POTENTIAL INVESTORS
PRIMARY MARKET
PRIVATE CREDITORS
PUBLIC BORROWING
PUBLIC DEBT
PUBLIC DEBT MANAGEMENT
PUBLIC FINANCE
PUBLIC FINANCES
PUBLIC SECTOR DEBT
PUBLIC SECTOR DEFICITS
PURCHASING POWER
QUALITY OF DEBT MANAGEMENT
REGISTRY SYSTEM
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
REGULATORY INFRASTRUCTURE
REMITTANCE
RESERVE
RESERVES
RETAIL INVESTORS
RISK FACTORS
RISK MANAGEMENT
SECONDARY MARKET
SECONDARY MARKETS
SECONDARY TRADING
SECURITIES EXCHANGE
SECURITY MARKET
SETTLEMENT
SETTLEMENT SYSTEM
SETTLEMENT SYSTEMS
SOVEREIGN DEBT
SUBSTANTIAL DEBT
T-BONDS
TAX
TOTAL DEBT
TRADING
TRANSACTION
TRANSACTION COSTS
TRANSPARENCY
TREASURY
TREASURY BILLS
TREASURY BONDS
TREASURY NOTES
TURNOVER
UNIFORM PRICE
UNIFORM PRICE AUCTION
USE OF DERIVATIVES
YIELD CURVE
ZERO COUPON
ACCOUNTING
ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
ACTIVE DEBT
AGGREGATE DEBT
ASPECTS OF DEBT MANAGEMENT
ASSET PRICE
AUCTION
AUCTIONS
BALANCE SHEET
BANK FINANCING
BENCHMARK BONDS
BENEFICIARIES
BID
BOND
BOND MARKETS
BORROWING COSTS
BORROWING PLAN
BORROWING PLANS
BROKER
BROKERS
BUYBACK
CAPACITY CONSTRAINTS
CAPITAL ADEQUACY
CAPITAL FLOWS
CAPITAL INVESTMENT
CAPITAL MARKET
CASH BALANCE
CASH FLOW
CASH FLOWS
CENTRAL BANK
CENTRAL BANKS
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT DEBT
COMMERCIAL BANKS
COMMODITY PRICES
CONTINGENT LIABILITIES
COUPONS
CREDITWORTHINESS
CURRENCY
CURRENCY RISKS
CURRENT ACCOUNT
CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICITS
DEBT ACCUMULATION
DEBT BURDENS
DEBT COMPOSITION
DEBT CRISES
DEBT DATA
DEBT DYNAMICS
DEBT FORGIVENESS
DEBT ISSUES
DEBT LEVELS
DEBT MANAGEMENT CAPACITY
DEBT MANAGEMENT POLICIES
DEBT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
DEBT MANAGERS
DEBT MARKET
DEBT OBLIGATIONS
DEBT PORTFOLIOS
DEBT PROBLEM
DEBT PROBLEMS
DEBT RATIOS
DEBT RELIEF
DEBT REPORTS
DEBT RESTRUCTURING
DEBT SERVICE
DEBT SERVICE OBLIGATIONS
DEBT SERVICE PAYMENTS
DEBT TRANSACTIONS
DEBT-SERVICE
DEBTOR
DEBTOR REPORTING SYSTEM
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
DOMESTIC BORROWING
DOMESTIC BORROWINGS
DOMESTIC DEBT
DOMESTIC DEBT MARKETS
DOMESTIC MARKET
DOMESTIC MARKETS
DOMESTIC SECURITY
ENABLING ENVIRONMENT
ENFORCEMENT MECHANISMS
EXCESS LIQUIDITY
EXCESSIVE BORROWING
EXPENDITURES
EXTERNAL BORROWING
EXTERNAL DEBT
EXTERNAL DEBT INDICATORS
EXTERNAL FINANCING
EXTERNAL INDEBTEDNESS
EXTERNAL PUBLIC DEBT
FINANCIAL CRISIS
FINANCIAL INSTABILITY
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
FINANCIAL MARKET
FISCAL DEFICITS
FISCAL POLICIES
FISCAL POLICY
FIXED EXCHANGE RATE
FIXED INCOME
FIXED INCOME SECURITIES
FOREIGN CURRENCY
FOREIGN INVESTMENT
FOREIGN MARKETS
FUNGIBLE
GLOBAL ECONOMY
GOVERNMENT FINANCING
GOVERNMENT SECURITIES
GOVERNMENT SECURITY
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
HOLDING
HUMAN RESOURCE
INCOME LEVEL
INCOME LEVELS
INCOME VOLATILITY
INDEBTEDNESS
INFLATION
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR DEBT MANAGEMENT
INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY
INSTITUTIONAL INVESTORS
INSTRUMENT
INSURANCE
INSURANCE COMPANIES
INTEREST RATE
INTEREST RATE SWAPS
INTERNATIONAL BANK
INTERNATIONAL DEBT
INVESTMENT PROJECTS
INVESTOR BASE
INVESTOR DEMAND
ISSUANCE
LEGAL FRAMEWORK
LEGAL FRAMEWORKS
LEGAL SYSTEM
LEVEL PLAYING FIELD
LIQUID BENCHMARK
LIQUID DOMESTIC DEBT MARKETS
LOAN
LOAN CONTRACT
LOAN GUARANTEES
LOCAL CURRENCIES
LOCAL CURRENCY
LOCAL SECURITIES
LONG-TERM INVESTORS
LONG-TERM LIABILITIES
MACROECONOMIC MANAGEMENT
MACROECONOMIC POLICIES
MARKET DATA
MARKET DEPTH
MARKET DEVELOPMENT
MARKET DISCIPLINE
MARKET MAKERS
MARKET PARTICIPANTS
MATURITIES
MATURITY
MEASUREMENT OF DEBT
MONETARY FUND
MONETARY POLICIES
MONETARY POLICY
NATIONAL DEBT
NATIONAL DEBT MANAGEMENT
NATURAL DISASTER
NATURAL DISASTERS
NET PRESENT VALUE OF DEBT
OPEN ECONOMIES
OUTSTANDING DEBT
PENSION
PENSION FUND
PENSION FUNDS
POLITICAL STABILITY
PORTFOLIO
PORTFOLIO RISK
PORTFOLIOS
POTENTIAL INVESTORS
PRIMARY MARKET
PRIVATE CREDITORS
PUBLIC BORROWING
PUBLIC DEBT
PUBLIC DEBT MANAGEMENT
PUBLIC FINANCE
PUBLIC FINANCES
PUBLIC SECTOR DEBT
PUBLIC SECTOR DEFICITS
PURCHASING POWER
QUALITY OF DEBT MANAGEMENT
REGISTRY SYSTEM
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
REGULATORY INFRASTRUCTURE
REMITTANCE
RESERVE
RESERVES
RETAIL INVESTORS
RISK FACTORS
RISK MANAGEMENT
SECONDARY MARKET
SECONDARY MARKETS
SECONDARY TRADING
SECURITIES EXCHANGE
SECURITY MARKET
SETTLEMENT
SETTLEMENT SYSTEM
SETTLEMENT SYSTEMS
SOVEREIGN DEBT
SUBSTANTIAL DEBT
T-BONDS
TAX
TOTAL DEBT
TRADING
TRANSACTION
TRANSACTION COSTS
TRANSPARENCY
TREASURY
TREASURY BILLS
TREASURY BONDS
TREASURY NOTES
TURNOVER
UNIFORM PRICE
UNIFORM PRICE AUCTION
USE OF DERIVATIVES
YIELD CURVE
ZERO COUPON
Prasad, Abha
Pollock, Malvina
Li, Ying
Small States : Performance in Public Debt Management
description This paper analyzes the status of public debt management performance in 17 small states through the findings of the Debt Management Performance Assessment reports. Empirical evidence indicates that the higher the quality of a country's policies and institutions, the better is its capacity to carry debt and withstand exogenous shocks. Borrowing for productive purposes can be an important element in boosting growth of gross domestic product but, conversely, excessive borrowing or poorly structured debt in terms of maturity, currency, or interest rate composition can quickly offset the positive impact, deter new foreign and domestic investment, compromise reform programs, depress growth of gross domestic product, exacerbate the challenge of meeting debt service obligations, and may induce or propagate economic crises. Arguments in favor of sound debt management are especially compelling for small states that must mitigate the particular risks to which their economies are exposed. Against this backdrop, the paper identifies aspects of debt management where small states do relatively well and those where they perform poorly, relative to other developing countries, and examines the underlying factors at play. It elaborates on some of the successful measures taken by small states to enhance debt management performance and considers how these may be applied more broadly in other small states. The paper offers a number of practical suggestions to strengthen debt management performance.
topic_facet ACCOUNTING
ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
ACTIVE DEBT
AGGREGATE DEBT
ASPECTS OF DEBT MANAGEMENT
ASSET PRICE
AUCTION
AUCTIONS
BALANCE SHEET
BANK FINANCING
BENCHMARK BONDS
BENEFICIARIES
BID
BOND
BOND MARKETS
BORROWING COSTS
BORROWING PLAN
BORROWING PLANS
BROKER
BROKERS
BUYBACK
CAPACITY CONSTRAINTS
CAPITAL ADEQUACY
CAPITAL FLOWS
CAPITAL INVESTMENT
CAPITAL MARKET
CASH BALANCE
CASH FLOW
CASH FLOWS
CENTRAL BANK
CENTRAL BANKS
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT DEBT
COMMERCIAL BANKS
COMMODITY PRICES
CONTINGENT LIABILITIES
COUPONS
CREDITWORTHINESS
CURRENCY
CURRENCY RISKS
CURRENT ACCOUNT
CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICITS
DEBT ACCUMULATION
DEBT BURDENS
DEBT COMPOSITION
DEBT CRISES
DEBT DATA
DEBT DYNAMICS
DEBT FORGIVENESS
DEBT ISSUES
DEBT LEVELS
DEBT MANAGEMENT CAPACITY
DEBT MANAGEMENT POLICIES
DEBT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
DEBT MANAGERS
DEBT MARKET
DEBT OBLIGATIONS
DEBT PORTFOLIOS
DEBT PROBLEM
DEBT PROBLEMS
DEBT RATIOS
DEBT RELIEF
DEBT REPORTS
DEBT RESTRUCTURING
DEBT SERVICE
DEBT SERVICE OBLIGATIONS
DEBT SERVICE PAYMENTS
DEBT TRANSACTIONS
DEBT-SERVICE
DEBTOR
DEBTOR REPORTING SYSTEM
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
DOMESTIC BORROWING
DOMESTIC BORROWINGS
DOMESTIC DEBT
DOMESTIC DEBT MARKETS
DOMESTIC MARKET
DOMESTIC MARKETS
DOMESTIC SECURITY
ENABLING ENVIRONMENT
ENFORCEMENT MECHANISMS
EXCESS LIQUIDITY
EXCESSIVE BORROWING
EXPENDITURES
EXTERNAL BORROWING
EXTERNAL DEBT
EXTERNAL DEBT INDICATORS
EXTERNAL FINANCING
EXTERNAL INDEBTEDNESS
EXTERNAL PUBLIC DEBT
FINANCIAL CRISIS
FINANCIAL INSTABILITY
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
FINANCIAL MARKET
FISCAL DEFICITS
FISCAL POLICIES
FISCAL POLICY
FIXED EXCHANGE RATE
FIXED INCOME
FIXED INCOME SECURITIES
FOREIGN CURRENCY
FOREIGN INVESTMENT
FOREIGN MARKETS
FUNGIBLE
GLOBAL ECONOMY
GOVERNMENT FINANCING
GOVERNMENT SECURITIES
GOVERNMENT SECURITY
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
HOLDING
HUMAN RESOURCE
INCOME LEVEL
INCOME LEVELS
INCOME VOLATILITY
INDEBTEDNESS
INFLATION
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR DEBT MANAGEMENT
INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY
INSTITUTIONAL INVESTORS
INSTRUMENT
INSURANCE
INSURANCE COMPANIES
INTEREST RATE
INTEREST RATE SWAPS
INTERNATIONAL BANK
INTERNATIONAL DEBT
INVESTMENT PROJECTS
INVESTOR BASE
INVESTOR DEMAND
ISSUANCE
LEGAL FRAMEWORK
LEGAL FRAMEWORKS
LEGAL SYSTEM
LEVEL PLAYING FIELD
LIQUID BENCHMARK
LIQUID DOMESTIC DEBT MARKETS
LOAN
LOAN CONTRACT
LOAN GUARANTEES
LOCAL CURRENCIES
LOCAL CURRENCY
LOCAL SECURITIES
LONG-TERM INVESTORS
LONG-TERM LIABILITIES
MACROECONOMIC MANAGEMENT
MACROECONOMIC POLICIES
MARKET DATA
MARKET DEPTH
MARKET DEVELOPMENT
MARKET DISCIPLINE
MARKET MAKERS
MARKET PARTICIPANTS
MATURITIES
MATURITY
MEASUREMENT OF DEBT
MONETARY FUND
MONETARY POLICIES
MONETARY POLICY
NATIONAL DEBT
NATIONAL DEBT MANAGEMENT
NATURAL DISASTER
NATURAL DISASTERS
NET PRESENT VALUE OF DEBT
OPEN ECONOMIES
OUTSTANDING DEBT
PENSION
PENSION FUND
PENSION FUNDS
POLITICAL STABILITY
PORTFOLIO
PORTFOLIO RISK
PORTFOLIOS
POTENTIAL INVESTORS
PRIMARY MARKET
PRIVATE CREDITORS
PUBLIC BORROWING
PUBLIC DEBT
PUBLIC DEBT MANAGEMENT
PUBLIC FINANCE
PUBLIC FINANCES
PUBLIC SECTOR DEBT
PUBLIC SECTOR DEFICITS
PURCHASING POWER
QUALITY OF DEBT MANAGEMENT
REGISTRY SYSTEM
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
REGULATORY INFRASTRUCTURE
REMITTANCE
RESERVE
RESERVES
RETAIL INVESTORS
RISK FACTORS
RISK MANAGEMENT
SECONDARY MARKET
SECONDARY MARKETS
SECONDARY TRADING
SECURITIES EXCHANGE
SECURITY MARKET
SETTLEMENT
SETTLEMENT SYSTEM
SETTLEMENT SYSTEMS
SOVEREIGN DEBT
SUBSTANTIAL DEBT
T-BONDS
TAX
TOTAL DEBT
TRADING
TRANSACTION
TRANSACTION COSTS
TRANSPARENCY
TREASURY
TREASURY BILLS
TREASURY BONDS
TREASURY NOTES
TURNOVER
UNIFORM PRICE
UNIFORM PRICE AUCTION
USE OF DERIVATIVES
YIELD CURVE
ZERO COUPON
author Prasad, Abha
Pollock, Malvina
Li, Ying
author_facet Prasad, Abha
Pollock, Malvina
Li, Ying
author_sort Prasad, Abha
title Small States : Performance in Public Debt Management
title_short Small States : Performance in Public Debt Management
title_full Small States : Performance in Public Debt Management
title_fullStr Small States : Performance in Public Debt Management
title_full_unstemmed Small States : Performance in Public Debt Management
title_sort small states : performance in public debt management
publisher World Bank, Washington, DC
publishDate 2013-02
url http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/02/17225559/small-states-performance-public-debt-management
https://hdl.handle.net/10986/13165
work_keys_str_mv AT prasadabha smallstatesperformanceinpublicdebtmanagement
AT pollockmalvina smallstatesperformanceinpublicdebtmanagement
AT liying smallstatesperformanceinpublicdebtmanagement
_version_ 1807159227706245120
spelling dig-okr-10986131652024-08-08T14:45:30Z Small States : Performance in Public Debt Management Prasad, Abha Pollock, Malvina Li, Ying ACCOUNTING ACCOUNTING STANDARDS ACTIVE DEBT AGGREGATE DEBT ASPECTS OF DEBT MANAGEMENT ASSET PRICE AUCTION AUCTIONS BALANCE SHEET BANK FINANCING BENCHMARK BONDS BENEFICIARIES BID BOND BOND MARKETS BORROWING COSTS BORROWING PLAN BORROWING PLANS BROKER BROKERS BUYBACK CAPACITY CONSTRAINTS CAPITAL ADEQUACY CAPITAL FLOWS CAPITAL INVESTMENT CAPITAL MARKET CASH BALANCE CASH FLOW CASH FLOWS CENTRAL BANK CENTRAL BANKS CENTRAL GOVERNMENT DEBT COMMERCIAL BANKS COMMODITY PRICES CONTINGENT LIABILITIES COUPONS CREDITWORTHINESS CURRENCY CURRENCY RISKS CURRENT ACCOUNT CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICITS DEBT ACCUMULATION DEBT BURDENS DEBT COMPOSITION DEBT CRISES DEBT DATA DEBT DYNAMICS DEBT FORGIVENESS DEBT ISSUES DEBT LEVELS DEBT MANAGEMENT CAPACITY DEBT MANAGEMENT POLICIES DEBT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES DEBT MANAGERS DEBT MARKET DEBT OBLIGATIONS DEBT PORTFOLIOS DEBT PROBLEM DEBT PROBLEMS DEBT RATIOS DEBT RELIEF DEBT REPORTS DEBT RESTRUCTURING DEBT SERVICE DEBT SERVICE OBLIGATIONS DEBT SERVICE PAYMENTS DEBT TRANSACTIONS DEBT-SERVICE DEBTOR DEBTOR REPORTING SYSTEM DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DOMESTIC BORROWING DOMESTIC BORROWINGS DOMESTIC DEBT DOMESTIC DEBT MARKETS DOMESTIC MARKET DOMESTIC MARKETS DOMESTIC SECURITY ENABLING ENVIRONMENT ENFORCEMENT MECHANISMS EXCESS LIQUIDITY EXCESSIVE BORROWING EXPENDITURES EXTERNAL BORROWING EXTERNAL DEBT EXTERNAL DEBT INDICATORS EXTERNAL FINANCING EXTERNAL INDEBTEDNESS EXTERNAL PUBLIC DEBT FINANCIAL CRISIS FINANCIAL INSTABILITY FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS FINANCIAL MARKET FISCAL DEFICITS FISCAL POLICIES FISCAL POLICY FIXED EXCHANGE RATE FIXED INCOME FIXED INCOME SECURITIES FOREIGN CURRENCY FOREIGN INVESTMENT FOREIGN MARKETS FUNGIBLE GLOBAL ECONOMY GOVERNMENT FINANCING GOVERNMENT SECURITIES GOVERNMENT SECURITY GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT HOLDING HUMAN RESOURCE INCOME LEVEL INCOME LEVELS INCOME VOLATILITY INDEBTEDNESS INFLATION INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR DEBT MANAGEMENT INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY INSTITUTIONAL INVESTORS INSTRUMENT INSURANCE INSURANCE COMPANIES INTEREST RATE INTEREST RATE SWAPS INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL DEBT INVESTMENT PROJECTS INVESTOR BASE INVESTOR DEMAND ISSUANCE LEGAL FRAMEWORK LEGAL FRAMEWORKS LEGAL SYSTEM LEVEL PLAYING FIELD LIQUID BENCHMARK LIQUID DOMESTIC DEBT MARKETS LOAN LOAN CONTRACT LOAN GUARANTEES LOCAL CURRENCIES LOCAL CURRENCY LOCAL SECURITIES LONG-TERM INVESTORS LONG-TERM LIABILITIES MACROECONOMIC MANAGEMENT MACROECONOMIC POLICIES MARKET DATA MARKET DEPTH MARKET DEVELOPMENT MARKET DISCIPLINE MARKET MAKERS MARKET PARTICIPANTS MATURITIES MATURITY MEASUREMENT OF DEBT MONETARY FUND MONETARY POLICIES MONETARY POLICY NATIONAL DEBT NATIONAL DEBT MANAGEMENT NATURAL DISASTER NATURAL DISASTERS NET PRESENT VALUE OF DEBT OPEN ECONOMIES OUTSTANDING DEBT PENSION PENSION FUND PENSION FUNDS POLITICAL STABILITY PORTFOLIO PORTFOLIO RISK PORTFOLIOS POTENTIAL INVESTORS PRIMARY MARKET PRIVATE CREDITORS PUBLIC BORROWING PUBLIC DEBT PUBLIC DEBT MANAGEMENT PUBLIC FINANCE PUBLIC FINANCES PUBLIC SECTOR DEBT PUBLIC SECTOR DEFICITS PURCHASING POWER QUALITY OF DEBT MANAGEMENT REGISTRY SYSTEM REGULATORY FRAMEWORK REGULATORY INFRASTRUCTURE REMITTANCE RESERVE RESERVES RETAIL INVESTORS RISK FACTORS RISK MANAGEMENT SECONDARY MARKET SECONDARY MARKETS SECONDARY TRADING SECURITIES EXCHANGE SECURITY MARKET SETTLEMENT SETTLEMENT SYSTEM SETTLEMENT SYSTEMS SOVEREIGN DEBT SUBSTANTIAL DEBT T-BONDS TAX TOTAL DEBT TRADING TRANSACTION TRANSACTION COSTS TRANSPARENCY TREASURY TREASURY BILLS TREASURY BONDS TREASURY NOTES TURNOVER UNIFORM PRICE UNIFORM PRICE AUCTION USE OF DERIVATIVES YIELD CURVE ZERO COUPON This paper analyzes the status of public debt management performance in 17 small states through the findings of the Debt Management Performance Assessment reports. Empirical evidence indicates that the higher the quality of a country's policies and institutions, the better is its capacity to carry debt and withstand exogenous shocks. Borrowing for productive purposes can be an important element in boosting growth of gross domestic product but, conversely, excessive borrowing or poorly structured debt in terms of maturity, currency, or interest rate composition can quickly offset the positive impact, deter new foreign and domestic investment, compromise reform programs, depress growth of gross domestic product, exacerbate the challenge of meeting debt service obligations, and may induce or propagate economic crises. Arguments in favor of sound debt management are especially compelling for small states that must mitigate the particular risks to which their economies are exposed. Against this backdrop, the paper identifies aspects of debt management where small states do relatively well and those where they perform poorly, relative to other developing countries, and examines the underlying factors at play. It elaborates on some of the successful measures taken by small states to enhance debt management performance and considers how these may be applied more broadly in other small states. The paper offers a number of practical suggestions to strengthen debt management performance. 2013-04-11T20:10:40Z 2013-04-11T20:10:40Z 2013-02 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/02/17225559/small-states-performance-public-debt-management https://hdl.handle.net/10986/13165 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper;No. 6356 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank application/pdf text/plain World Bank, Washington, DC