Global conservation outcomes depend on marine protected areas with five key features
In line with global targets agreed under the Convention on Biological Diversity, the number of marine protected areas (MPAs) is increasing rapidly, yet socio-economic benefits generated by MPAs remain difficult to predict and under debate1,2. MPAs often fail to reach their full potential as a consequence of factors such as illegal harvesting, regulations that legally allow detrimental harvesting, or emigration of animals outside boundaries because of continuous habitat or inadequate size of reserve3,4,5. Here we show that the conservation benefits of 87 MPAs investigated worldwide increase exponentially with the accumulation of five key features: no take, well enforced, old (>10 years), large (>100 km2), and isolated by deep water or sand. Using effective MPAs with four or five key features as an unfished standard, comparisons of underwater survey data from effective MPAs with predictions based on survey data from fished coasts indicate that total fish biomass has declined about two-thirds from historical baselines as a result of fishing. Effective MPAs also had twice as many large (>250 mm total length) fish species per transect, five times more large fish biomass, and fourteen times more shark biomass than fished areas. Most (59%) of the MPAs studied had only one or two key features and were not ecologically distinguishable from fished sites. Our results show that global conservation targets based on area alone will not optimize protection of marine biodiversity. More emphasis is needed on better MPA design, durable management and compliance to ensure that MPAs achieve their desired conservation value.
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Springer Nature
2014-02-13
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Subjects: | Environmental Sciences, Macroecology, Conservation Biology, |
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dig-ipna-es-10261-1803602022-06-14T07:39:33Z Global conservation outcomes depend on marine protected areas with five key features Edgar, Graham J. Stuart-Smith, Rick D. Willis, Trevor J. Kininmonth, Stuart J. Baker, Susan C. Banks, Stuart Barrett, Neville S. Becerro, Mikel Bernard, Anthony T. F. Berkhout, Just Buxton, Colin D. Campbell, Stuart J. Cooper, Antonia T. Davey, Marlene Edgar, Sophie C. Försterra, Günter Galván, David E. Irigoyen, Alejo J. Kushner, David J. Moura, Rodrigo Parnell, P. Ed Shears, N. Soler, German Strain, Elisabeth M. A. Thomson, Russell J. Australian Research Council Australian Government Environmental Sciences Macroecology Conservation Biology In line with global targets agreed under the Convention on Biological Diversity, the number of marine protected areas (MPAs) is increasing rapidly, yet socio-economic benefits generated by MPAs remain difficult to predict and under debate1,2. MPAs often fail to reach their full potential as a consequence of factors such as illegal harvesting, regulations that legally allow detrimental harvesting, or emigration of animals outside boundaries because of continuous habitat or inadequate size of reserve3,4,5. Here we show that the conservation benefits of 87 MPAs investigated worldwide increase exponentially with the accumulation of five key features: no take, well enforced, old (>10 years), large (>100 km2), and isolated by deep water or sand. Using effective MPAs with four or five key features as an unfished standard, comparisons of underwater survey data from effective MPAs with predictions based on survey data from fished coasts indicate that total fish biomass has declined about two-thirds from historical baselines as a result of fishing. Effective MPAs also had twice as many large (>250 mm total length) fish species per transect, five times more large fish biomass, and fourteen times more shark biomass than fished areas. Most (59%) of the MPAs studied had only one or two key features and were not ecologically distinguishable from fished sites. Our results show that global conservation targets based on area alone will not optimize protection of marine biodiversity. More emphasis is needed on better MPA design, durable management and compliance to ensure that MPAs achieve their desired conservation value. Development of the RLS data set was supported by the former Commonwealth Environment Research Facilities Program, whereas analyses were supported by the Australian Research Council, a Fulbright Visiting Scholarship (to G.J.E.), the Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, and the Marine Biodiversity Hub, a collaborative partnership funded under the Australian Government’s National Environmental Research Program. Peer Reviewed 2019-04-23T07:54:53Z 2019-04-23T07:54:53Z 2014-02-13 2019-04-23T07:54:53Z artículo http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 doi: 10.1038/nature13022 issn: 0028-0836 e-issn: 1476-4687 Nature 506: 216-220 (2014) http://hdl.handle.net/10261/180360 10.1038/nature13022 http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000923 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13022 Sí none Springer Nature |
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Environmental Sciences Macroecology Conservation Biology Environmental Sciences Macroecology Conservation Biology Edgar, Graham J. Stuart-Smith, Rick D. Willis, Trevor J. Kininmonth, Stuart J. Baker, Susan C. Banks, Stuart Barrett, Neville S. Becerro, Mikel Bernard, Anthony T. F. Berkhout, Just Buxton, Colin D. Campbell, Stuart J. Cooper, Antonia T. Davey, Marlene Edgar, Sophie C. Försterra, Günter Galván, David E. Irigoyen, Alejo J. Kushner, David J. Moura, Rodrigo Parnell, P. Ed Shears, N. Soler, German Strain, Elisabeth M. A. Thomson, Russell J. Global conservation outcomes depend on marine protected areas with five key features |
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In line with global targets agreed under the Convention on Biological Diversity, the number of marine protected areas (MPAs) is increasing rapidly, yet socio-economic benefits generated by MPAs remain difficult to predict and under debate1,2. MPAs often fail to reach their full potential as a consequence of factors such as illegal harvesting, regulations that legally allow detrimental harvesting, or emigration of animals outside boundaries because of continuous habitat or inadequate size of reserve3,4,5. Here we show that the conservation benefits of 87 MPAs investigated worldwide increase exponentially with the accumulation of five key features: no take, well enforced, old (>10 years), large (>100 km2), and isolated by deep water or sand. Using effective MPAs with four or five key features as an unfished standard, comparisons of underwater survey data from effective MPAs with predictions based on survey data from fished coasts indicate that total fish biomass has declined about two-thirds from historical baselines as a result of fishing. Effective MPAs also had twice as many large (>250 mm total length) fish species per transect, five times more large fish biomass, and fourteen times more shark biomass than fished areas. Most (59%) of the MPAs studied had only one or two key features and were not ecologically distinguishable from fished sites. Our results show that global conservation targets based on area alone will not optimize protection of marine biodiversity. More emphasis is needed on better MPA design, durable management and compliance to ensure that MPAs achieve their desired conservation value. |
author2 |
Australian Research Council |
author_facet |
Australian Research Council Edgar, Graham J. Stuart-Smith, Rick D. Willis, Trevor J. Kininmonth, Stuart J. Baker, Susan C. Banks, Stuart Barrett, Neville S. Becerro, Mikel Bernard, Anthony T. F. Berkhout, Just Buxton, Colin D. Campbell, Stuart J. Cooper, Antonia T. Davey, Marlene Edgar, Sophie C. Försterra, Günter Galván, David E. Irigoyen, Alejo J. Kushner, David J. Moura, Rodrigo Parnell, P. Ed Shears, N. Soler, German Strain, Elisabeth M. A. Thomson, Russell J. |
format |
artículo |
topic_facet |
Environmental Sciences Macroecology Conservation Biology |
author |
Edgar, Graham J. Stuart-Smith, Rick D. Willis, Trevor J. Kininmonth, Stuart J. Baker, Susan C. Banks, Stuart Barrett, Neville S. Becerro, Mikel Bernard, Anthony T. F. Berkhout, Just Buxton, Colin D. Campbell, Stuart J. Cooper, Antonia T. Davey, Marlene Edgar, Sophie C. Försterra, Günter Galván, David E. Irigoyen, Alejo J. Kushner, David J. Moura, Rodrigo Parnell, P. Ed Shears, N. Soler, German Strain, Elisabeth M. A. Thomson, Russell J. |
author_sort |
Edgar, Graham J. |
title |
Global conservation outcomes depend on marine protected areas with five key features |
title_short |
Global conservation outcomes depend on marine protected areas with five key features |
title_full |
Global conservation outcomes depend on marine protected areas with five key features |
title_fullStr |
Global conservation outcomes depend on marine protected areas with five key features |
title_full_unstemmed |
Global conservation outcomes depend on marine protected areas with five key features |
title_sort |
global conservation outcomes depend on marine protected areas with five key features |
publisher |
Springer Nature |
publishDate |
2014-02-13 |
url |
http://hdl.handle.net/10261/180360 http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000923 |
work_keys_str_mv |
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