Effect-based evaluation of water quality in a system of indirect reuse of wastewater for drinking water production
Indirect potable reuse of wastewater is a practice that is gaining attention, aiming to increase freshwater supplies to meet water scarcity. However, reusing effluent wastewater for drinking water production comes with a paired risk of adverse health effects, due to the potential presence of pathogenic microorganisms and hazardous micropollutants. Disinfection is an established method to reduce microbial hazards in drinking water, but it has been associated with formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). In this study, we performed an effect-based assessment of chemical hazards in a system wherein a full-scale trial of disinfection by chlorination, of the treated wastewater was performed prior discharge to the reciepient river. The presence of bioactive pollutants was assessed along the entire treatment system, starting from incoming wastewater to finished drinking water at seven sites in and around the Llobregat River in Barcelona, Spain. Samples were collected in two campaigns, with and without applied chlorination treatment (13 mg Cl2/L) to the effluent wastewater. The water samples were analysed for cell viability, oxidative stress response (Nrf2 activity), estrogenicity, androgenicity, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activity and activation of NFĸB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) signaling using stably transfected mammalian cell lines. Nrf2 activity, estrogen receptor activation and AhR activation was detected in all investigated samples. Overall, removal efficiencies were high in both wastewater treatment and drinking water treatment samples for most of the studied endpoints. No increase in oxidative stress (Nrf2 activity) could be attributed to the additional chlorination treatment of the effluent wastewater. However, we found an increase in AhR activity and a reduction of ER agonistic activity after chlorination treatment of effluent wastewater. The bioactivity detected in finished drinking water was considerably lower compared to what was found in effluent wastewater. We could thus conclude that indirect reuse of treated wastewater for drinking water production can be possible without compromising drinking water quality. This study contributed important knowledge in efforts to increase the reuse of treated wastewater as a source for drinking water production.
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Elsevier
2023-05-31
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Subjects: | Water quality, Wastewater, Drinking water production, http://metadata.un.org/sdg/6, Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all, |
Online Access: | http://hdl.handle.net/10261/329717 http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004837 https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/85161800358 |
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Water quality Wastewater Drinking water production http://metadata.un.org/sdg/6 Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all Water quality Wastewater Drinking water production http://metadata.un.org/sdg/6 Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all |
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Water quality Wastewater Drinking water production http://metadata.un.org/sdg/6 Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all Water quality Wastewater Drinking water production http://metadata.un.org/sdg/6 Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all Frieberg, Kim Gago-Ferrero, Pablo Bijlsma, Lubertus Ahrens, Lutz Wiberg, Karin Hernández, Félix Oskarsson, Agneta Lundqvist, Johan Effect-based evaluation of water quality in a system of indirect reuse of wastewater for drinking water production |
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Indirect potable reuse of wastewater is a practice that is gaining attention, aiming to increase freshwater supplies to meet water scarcity. However, reusing effluent wastewater for drinking water production comes with a paired risk of adverse health effects, due to the potential presence of pathogenic microorganisms and hazardous micropollutants. Disinfection is an established method to reduce microbial hazards in drinking water, but it has been associated with formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). In this study, we performed an effect-based assessment of chemical hazards in a system wherein a full-scale trial of disinfection by chlorination, of the treated wastewater was performed prior discharge to the reciepient river. The presence of bioactive pollutants was assessed along the entire treatment system, starting from incoming wastewater to finished drinking water at seven sites in and around the Llobregat River in Barcelona, Spain. Samples were collected in two campaigns, with and without applied chlorination treatment (13 mg Cl2/L) to the effluent wastewater. The water samples were analysed for cell viability, oxidative stress response (Nrf2 activity), estrogenicity, androgenicity, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activity and activation of NFĸB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) signaling using stably transfected mammalian cell lines. Nrf2 activity, estrogen receptor activation and AhR activation was detected in all investigated samples. Overall, removal efficiencies were high in both wastewater treatment and drinking water treatment samples for most of the studied endpoints. No increase in oxidative stress (Nrf2 activity) could be attributed to the additional chlorination treatment of the effluent wastewater. However, we found an increase in AhR activity and a reduction of ER agonistic activity after chlorination treatment of effluent wastewater. The bioactivity detected in finished drinking water was considerably lower compared to what was found in effluent wastewater. We could thus conclude that indirect reuse of treated wastewater for drinking water production can be possible without compromising drinking water quality. This study contributed important knowledge in efforts to increase the reuse of treated wastewater as a source for drinking water production. |
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Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España) |
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Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España) Frieberg, Kim Gago-Ferrero, Pablo Bijlsma, Lubertus Ahrens, Lutz Wiberg, Karin Hernández, Félix Oskarsson, Agneta Lundqvist, Johan |
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artículo |
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Water quality Wastewater Drinking water production http://metadata.un.org/sdg/6 Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all |
author |
Frieberg, Kim Gago-Ferrero, Pablo Bijlsma, Lubertus Ahrens, Lutz Wiberg, Karin Hernández, Félix Oskarsson, Agneta Lundqvist, Johan |
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Frieberg, Kim |
title |
Effect-based evaluation of water quality in a system of indirect reuse of wastewater for drinking water production |
title_short |
Effect-based evaluation of water quality in a system of indirect reuse of wastewater for drinking water production |
title_full |
Effect-based evaluation of water quality in a system of indirect reuse of wastewater for drinking water production |
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Effect-based evaluation of water quality in a system of indirect reuse of wastewater for drinking water production |
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Effect-based evaluation of water quality in a system of indirect reuse of wastewater for drinking water production |
title_sort |
effect-based evaluation of water quality in a system of indirect reuse of wastewater for drinking water production |
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Elsevier |
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2023-05-31 |
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http://hdl.handle.net/10261/329717 http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004837 https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/85161800358 |
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AT friebergkim effectbasedevaluationofwaterqualityinasystemofindirectreuseofwastewaterfordrinkingwaterproduction AT gagoferreropablo effectbasedevaluationofwaterqualityinasystemofindirectreuseofwastewaterfordrinkingwaterproduction AT bijlsmalubertus effectbasedevaluationofwaterqualityinasystemofindirectreuseofwastewaterfordrinkingwaterproduction AT ahrenslutz effectbasedevaluationofwaterqualityinasystemofindirectreuseofwastewaterfordrinkingwaterproduction AT wibergkarin effectbasedevaluationofwaterqualityinasystemofindirectreuseofwastewaterfordrinkingwaterproduction AT hernandezfelix effectbasedevaluationofwaterqualityinasystemofindirectreuseofwastewaterfordrinkingwaterproduction AT oskarssonagneta effectbasedevaluationofwaterqualityinasystemofindirectreuseofwastewaterfordrinkingwaterproduction AT lundqvistjohan effectbasedevaluationofwaterqualityinasystemofindirectreuseofwastewaterfordrinkingwaterproduction |
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dig-idaea-es-10261-3297172024-05-14T20:41:09Z Effect-based evaluation of water quality in a system of indirect reuse of wastewater for drinking water production Frieberg, Kim Gago-Ferrero, Pablo Bijlsma, Lubertus Ahrens, Lutz Wiberg, Karin Hernández, Félix Oskarsson, Agneta Lundqvist, Johan Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España) 0000-0002-0043-4031 0000-0001-7005-8775 0000-0002-5430-6764 0000-0003-1427-7687 0000-0003-1268-3083 0000-0002-3134-7811 0000-0001-5693-9007 Water quality Wastewater Drinking water production http://metadata.un.org/sdg/6 Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all Indirect potable reuse of wastewater is a practice that is gaining attention, aiming to increase freshwater supplies to meet water scarcity. However, reusing effluent wastewater for drinking water production comes with a paired risk of adverse health effects, due to the potential presence of pathogenic microorganisms and hazardous micropollutants. Disinfection is an established method to reduce microbial hazards in drinking water, but it has been associated with formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). In this study, we performed an effect-based assessment of chemical hazards in a system wherein a full-scale trial of disinfection by chlorination, of the treated wastewater was performed prior discharge to the reciepient river. The presence of bioactive pollutants was assessed along the entire treatment system, starting from incoming wastewater to finished drinking water at seven sites in and around the Llobregat River in Barcelona, Spain. Samples were collected in two campaigns, with and without applied chlorination treatment (13 mg Cl2/L) to the effluent wastewater. The water samples were analysed for cell viability, oxidative stress response (Nrf2 activity), estrogenicity, androgenicity, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activity and activation of NFĸB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) signaling using stably transfected mammalian cell lines. Nrf2 activity, estrogen receptor activation and AhR activation was detected in all investigated samples. Overall, removal efficiencies were high in both wastewater treatment and drinking water treatment samples for most of the studied endpoints. No increase in oxidative stress (Nrf2 activity) could be attributed to the additional chlorination treatment of the effluent wastewater. However, we found an increase in AhR activity and a reduction of ER agonistic activity after chlorination treatment of effluent wastewater. The bioactivity detected in finished drinking water was considerably lower compared to what was found in effluent wastewater. We could thus conclude that indirect reuse of treated wastewater for drinking water production can be possible without compromising drinking water quality. This study contributed important knowledge in efforts to increase the reuse of treated wastewater as a source for drinking water production. This research project has been financially supported by the Swedish research council for sustainable development (Formas), grant numbers 2018–00386 and 2018-02256 “Effect-directed analysis as a tool towards a nontoxic environment – identification of mixture effects and toxicity drivers in water “(DANTE)” project. L.B. acknowledges grant RYC2020–028936-I funded by MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501,100,011,033 and by “ESF Investing in your future”. P.G.F. acknowledges grant RYC2019–027,913-I from the AEI-MICI and the project PID2019–110212RB-C21 of the Spanish Government (I + D + I Retos Investigación). Peer reviewed 2023-06-27T07:45:32Z 2023-06-27T07:45:32Z 2023-05-31 artículo http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 Water Research 242: 120147 (2023) 00431354 http://hdl.handle.net/10261/329717 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120147 http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004837 37320875 2-s2.0-85161800358 https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/85161800358 en #PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE# info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501,100,011,033 Water research Publisher's version https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2023.120147 Sí open Elsevier |