Chemistry and sources of PM2.5 and volatile organic compounds breathed inside urban commuting and tourist buses
Inhalable particulate matter (size <2.5 μm: PM2.5) inside commuting and tourist buses moving through the city of Barcelona, Spain, was chemically analysed. The analyses show PM dominated by organic carbon (mostly 10–20 μg/m3) and elemental carbon (mostly 3–6 μg/m3; OC/EC = 3.4), followed by SO42, Fe, Ca, K, Al2O3, Mg, and Na, with calculated mineral content being around one third that of total carbon. Elemental carbon levels are higher inside diesel buses than those powered by natural gas or electricity, and higher in the upper floor of open-top double decker tourist buses than in the lower floor. Overall, major element concentrations inside the buses are typically 2–8 times higher than 24 h-averaged urban background levels, although some metallic trace elements, notably Cu and Sb, are exceptionally enriched due to the presence of brake particles, especially on routes involving higher gradients and therefore more brake use. In contrast, Cu and Sb concentrations in electric buses are unexceptional, presumably because these buses rely more on regenerative braking and are hermetically sealed when moving. Seasonal differences reveal PM to be more mineral in winter (Al2O3 1.3 μg/m3 vs. summer average of 0.3 μg/m3), with summer enrichment in Na, Mg, P, V, Ni and SO42− being attributed to marine aerosols contaminated by port emissions. Source apportionment calculations identify 6 main factors: road dust resuspension, metalliferous (brake wear and metallurgy), local urban dust, secondary sulphate and shipping (6%), vehicle exhaust (19%), and an indoor source (46%) interpreted as likely related to the textile fibres and skin flakes of bus occupants. Volatile Organic Compounds measured inside all buses except one were dominated by 2-Methylpentane (14–36 μg/m3), Toluene (10–30 μg/m3), Xylene isomers (10–28 μg/m3, with m- » o- > p-Xylene) and n-Pentane (5–15 μg/m3). ƩBTEX concentrations were <70 μg/m3, with Toluene being commonest, followed by m-Xylene, with p-Xylene, o-Xylene and Ethylbenzene each below 7 μg/m3 and Benzene concentrations always less than the EU limit value of 5 μg/m3. The VOCs mixture is similar to that recently reported from inside Barcelona taxis (although inside the larger volume bus VOC concentrations are lower than in the taxis) and is interpreted as providing a chemical fingerprint characterising traffic-contaminated ambient air in the city road environment. The notable exception to the VOC content was a brand new hybrid diesel bus still offgassing volatiles to such an extent that Ʃ(alkane + alkene + aromatic) indoor concentrations exceeded 800 μg/m3, with ƩBTEX ten times higher than normal.
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Format: | artículo biblioteca |
Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2019-12-21
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Subjects: | Indoor air quality, Commuting, Public buses, Diesel bus, Electric bus, Tourist bus, |
Online Access: | http://hdl.handle.net/10261/199919 http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003329 |
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Indoor air quality Commuting Public buses Diesel bus Electric bus Tourist bus Indoor air quality Commuting Public buses Diesel bus Electric bus Tourist bus Fernández-Iriarte, Amaia Amato, Fulvio Moreno, Natalia Pacitto, Antonio Reche, Cristina Marco, Esther Grimalt, Joan O. Querol, Xavier Moreno, Teresa Chemistry and sources of PM2.5 and volatile organic compounds breathed inside urban commuting and tourist buses |
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Inhalable particulate matter (size <2.5 μm: PM2.5) inside commuting and tourist buses moving through the city of Barcelona, Spain, was chemically analysed. The analyses show PM dominated by organic carbon (mostly 10–20 μg/m3) and elemental carbon (mostly 3–6 μg/m3; OC/EC = 3.4), followed by SO42, Fe, Ca, K, Al2O3, Mg, and Na, with calculated mineral content being around one third that of total carbon. Elemental carbon levels are higher inside diesel buses than those powered by natural gas or electricity, and higher in the upper floor of open-top double decker tourist buses than in the lower floor. Overall, major element concentrations inside the buses are typically 2–8 times higher than 24 h-averaged urban background levels, although some metallic trace elements, notably Cu and Sb, are exceptionally enriched due to the presence of brake particles, especially on routes involving higher gradients and therefore more brake use. In contrast, Cu and Sb concentrations in electric buses are unexceptional, presumably because these buses rely more on regenerative braking and are hermetically sealed when moving. Seasonal differences reveal PM to be more mineral in winter (Al2O3 1.3 μg/m3 vs. summer average of 0.3 μg/m3), with summer enrichment in Na, Mg, P, V, Ni and SO42− being attributed to marine aerosols contaminated by port emissions. Source apportionment calculations identify 6 main factors: road dust resuspension, metalliferous (brake wear and metallurgy), local urban dust, secondary sulphate and shipping (6%), vehicle exhaust (19%), and an indoor source (46%) interpreted as likely related to the textile fibres and skin flakes of bus occupants. Volatile Organic Compounds measured inside all buses except one were dominated by 2-Methylpentane (14–36 μg/m3), Toluene (10–30 μg/m3), Xylene isomers (10–28 μg/m3, with m- » o- > p-Xylene) and n-Pentane (5–15 μg/m3). ƩBTEX concentrations were <70 μg/m3, with Toluene being commonest, followed by m-Xylene, with p-Xylene, o-Xylene and Ethylbenzene each below 7 μg/m3 and Benzene concentrations always less than the EU limit value of 5 μg/m3. The VOCs mixture is similar to that recently reported from inside Barcelona taxis (although inside the larger volume bus VOC concentrations are lower than in the taxis) and is interpreted as providing a chemical fingerprint characterising traffic-contaminated ambient air in the city road environment. The notable exception to the VOC content was a brand new hybrid diesel bus still offgassing volatiles to such an extent that Ʃ(alkane + alkene + aromatic) indoor concentrations exceeded 800 μg/m3, with ƩBTEX ten times higher than normal. |
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Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España) |
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Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España) Fernández-Iriarte, Amaia Amato, Fulvio Moreno, Natalia Pacitto, Antonio Reche, Cristina Marco, Esther Grimalt, Joan O. Querol, Xavier Moreno, Teresa |
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Indoor air quality Commuting Public buses Diesel bus Electric bus Tourist bus |
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Fernández-Iriarte, Amaia Amato, Fulvio Moreno, Natalia Pacitto, Antonio Reche, Cristina Marco, Esther Grimalt, Joan O. Querol, Xavier Moreno, Teresa |
author_sort |
Fernández-Iriarte, Amaia |
title |
Chemistry and sources of PM2.5 and volatile organic compounds breathed inside urban commuting and tourist buses |
title_short |
Chemistry and sources of PM2.5 and volatile organic compounds breathed inside urban commuting and tourist buses |
title_full |
Chemistry and sources of PM2.5 and volatile organic compounds breathed inside urban commuting and tourist buses |
title_fullStr |
Chemistry and sources of PM2.5 and volatile organic compounds breathed inside urban commuting and tourist buses |
title_full_unstemmed |
Chemistry and sources of PM2.5 and volatile organic compounds breathed inside urban commuting and tourist buses |
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chemistry and sources of pm2.5 and volatile organic compounds breathed inside urban commuting and tourist buses |
publisher |
Elsevier |
publishDate |
2019-12-21 |
url |
http://hdl.handle.net/10261/199919 http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003329 |
work_keys_str_mv |
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dig-idaea-es-10261-1999192020-10-09T11:04:31Z Chemistry and sources of PM2.5 and volatile organic compounds breathed inside urban commuting and tourist buses Fernández-Iriarte, Amaia Amato, Fulvio Moreno, Natalia Pacitto, Antonio Reche, Cristina Marco, Esther Grimalt, Joan O. Querol, Xavier Moreno, Teresa Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España) Amato, Fulvio [0000-0003-1546-9154] Moreno, Natalia [0000-0003-1488-2561] Marco, Esther [0000-0002-9870-3470] Reche, Cristina [0000-0002-3387-3989] Grimalt, Joan O. [0000-0002-7391-5768] Querol, Xavier [0000-0002-6549-9899] Moreno, Teresa [0000-0003-3235-1027] Indoor air quality Commuting Public buses Diesel bus Electric bus Tourist bus Inhalable particulate matter (size <2.5 μm: PM2.5) inside commuting and tourist buses moving through the city of Barcelona, Spain, was chemically analysed. The analyses show PM dominated by organic carbon (mostly 10–20 μg/m3) and elemental carbon (mostly 3–6 μg/m3; OC/EC = 3.4), followed by SO42, Fe, Ca, K, Al2O3, Mg, and Na, with calculated mineral content being around one third that of total carbon. Elemental carbon levels are higher inside diesel buses than those powered by natural gas or electricity, and higher in the upper floor of open-top double decker tourist buses than in the lower floor. Overall, major element concentrations inside the buses are typically 2–8 times higher than 24 h-averaged urban background levels, although some metallic trace elements, notably Cu and Sb, are exceptionally enriched due to the presence of brake particles, especially on routes involving higher gradients and therefore more brake use. In contrast, Cu and Sb concentrations in electric buses are unexceptional, presumably because these buses rely more on regenerative braking and are hermetically sealed when moving. Seasonal differences reveal PM to be more mineral in winter (Al2O3 1.3 μg/m3 vs. summer average of 0.3 μg/m3), with summer enrichment in Na, Mg, P, V, Ni and SO42− being attributed to marine aerosols contaminated by port emissions. Source apportionment calculations identify 6 main factors: road dust resuspension, metalliferous (brake wear and metallurgy), local urban dust, secondary sulphate and shipping (6%), vehicle exhaust (19%), and an indoor source (46%) interpreted as likely related to the textile fibres and skin flakes of bus occupants. Volatile Organic Compounds measured inside all buses except one were dominated by 2-Methylpentane (14–36 μg/m3), Toluene (10–30 μg/m3), Xylene isomers (10–28 μg/m3, with m- » o- > p-Xylene) and n-Pentane (5–15 μg/m3). ƩBTEX concentrations were <70 μg/m3, with Toluene being commonest, followed by m-Xylene, with p-Xylene, o-Xylene and Ethylbenzene each below 7 μg/m3 and Benzene concentrations always less than the EU limit value of 5 μg/m3. The VOCs mixture is similar to that recently reported from inside Barcelona taxis (although inside the larger volume bus VOC concentrations are lower than in the taxis) and is interpreted as providing a chemical fingerprint characterising traffic-contaminated ambient air in the city road environment. The notable exception to the VOC content was a brand new hybrid diesel bus still offgassing volatiles to such an extent that Ʃ(alkane + alkene + aromatic) indoor concentrations exceeded 800 μg/m3, with ƩBTEX ten times higher than normal. This work is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness with FEDER funds (BUSAIR CGL2016-79132-R) and by CSIC with the “Proyecto Intramural: Exposición a compuestos organicos volatiles en el interior de autobuses de transporte publico urbano” (201730I003). We are grateful to Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona (TMB) for their co-operation throughout the whole project. Funding from the Generalitat de Catalunya (AGAUR 2017 SGR41) is also acknowledged. Peer reviewed 2020-02-07T07:13:51Z 2020-02-07T07:13:51Z 2019-12-21 artículo http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 Atmospheric Environment 117234 (2019) http://hdl.handle.net/10261/199919 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.117234 http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003329 en #PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE# info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/MINECO/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2013-2016/CGL2016-79132-R Postprint https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.117234 Sí open Elsevier |