Lack of the PGA exopolysaccharide in Salmonella as an adaptive trait for survival in the host
Many bacteria build biofilm matrices using a conserved exopolysaccharide named PGA or PNAG (poly-β-1,6-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine). Interestingly, while E. coli and other members of the family Enterobacteriaceae encode the pgaABCD operon responsible for PGA synthesis, Salmonella lacks it. The evolutionary force driving this difference remains to be determined. Here, we report that Salmonella lost the pgaABCD operon after the divergence of Salmonella and Citrobacter clades, and previous to the diversification of the currently sequenced Salmonella strains. Reconstitution of the PGA machinery endows Salmonella with the capacity to produce PGA in a cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP) dependent manner. Outside the host, the PGA polysaccharide does not seem to provide any significant benefit to Salmonella: resistance against chlorine treatment, ultraviolet light irradiation, heavy metal stress and phage infection remained the same as in a strain producing cellulose, the main biofilm exopolysaccharide naturally produced by Salmonella. In contrast, PGA production proved to be deleterious to Salmonella survival inside the host, since it increased susceptibility to bile salts and oxidative stress, and hindered the capacity of S. Enteritidis to survive inside macrophages and to colonize extraintestinal organs, including the gallbladder. Altogether, our observations indicate that PGA is an antivirulence factor whose loss may have been a necessary event during Salmonella speciation to permit survival inside the host.
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dig-idab-es-10261-2447182021-06-26T01:33:22Z Lack of the PGA exopolysaccharide in Salmonella as an adaptive trait for survival in the host Echeverz, Maite García, Begoña Sabalza, Amaia Valle Turrillas, Jaione Gabaldón, Toni Solano Goñi, Cristina Lasa, Íñigo Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España) Many bacteria build biofilm matrices using a conserved exopolysaccharide named PGA or PNAG (poly-β-1,6-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine). Interestingly, while E. coli and other members of the family Enterobacteriaceae encode the pgaABCD operon responsible for PGA synthesis, Salmonella lacks it. The evolutionary force driving this difference remains to be determined. Here, we report that Salmonella lost the pgaABCD operon after the divergence of Salmonella and Citrobacter clades, and previous to the diversification of the currently sequenced Salmonella strains. Reconstitution of the PGA machinery endows Salmonella with the capacity to produce PGA in a cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP) dependent manner. Outside the host, the PGA polysaccharide does not seem to provide any significant benefit to Salmonella: resistance against chlorine treatment, ultraviolet light irradiation, heavy metal stress and phage infection remained the same as in a strain producing cellulose, the main biofilm exopolysaccharide naturally produced by Salmonella. In contrast, PGA production proved to be deleterious to Salmonella survival inside the host, since it increased susceptibility to bile salts and oxidative stress, and hindered the capacity of S. Enteritidis to survive inside macrophages and to colonize extraintestinal organs, including the gallbladder. Altogether, our observations indicate that PGA is an antivirulence factor whose loss may have been a necessary event during Salmonella speciation to permit survival inside the host. [Author summary] During bacterial evolution, specific traits that optimize the organism’s fitness are selected. The production of exopolysaccharides is widespread among bacteria in which they play a protective shielding role as main constituents of biofilms. In contrast to closely related siblings, Salmonella has lost the capacity to produce the exopolysaccharide PGA. Our study reveals that Salmonella lost pga genes, and that the driving force for such a loss may have been the detrimental impact that PGA has during Salmonella invasion of internal organs where it augments the susceptibility to bile salts and oxygen radicals, reducing bacterial survival inside macrophages and rendering Salmonella avirulent. These results suggest that gene-loss has played an important role during Salmonella evolution. This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness grants BIO2014-53530-R and SAF2014-56716-REDT (http://www.mineco.gob.es/portal/site/mineco/?lang_choosen=en). JV was supported by Ramon y Cajal (RYC-2009-03948) contract from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. 2021-06-25T11:50:41Z 2021-06-25T11:50:41Z 2017-05-24 2021-06-25T11:50:42Z artículo http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 doi: 10.1371/journal. pgen.1006816 issn: 1553-7390 e-issn: 1553-7404 PLoS Genetics 13(5): e1006816 (2018) http://hdl.handle.net/10261/244718 10.1371/journal. pgen.1006816 http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003329 #PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE# #PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE# #PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE# info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2017-2020/BIO2014-53530-R info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2017-2020/SAF2014-56716-REDT info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2017-2020/RYC-2009-03948 Publisher's version http://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pgen.1006816 Sí open Public Library of Science |
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Many bacteria build biofilm matrices using a conserved exopolysaccharide named PGA or PNAG (poly-β-1,6-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine). Interestingly, while E. coli and other members of the family Enterobacteriaceae encode the pgaABCD operon responsible for PGA synthesis, Salmonella lacks it. The evolutionary force driving this difference remains to be determined. Here, we report that Salmonella lost the pgaABCD operon after the divergence of Salmonella and Citrobacter clades, and previous to the diversification of the currently sequenced Salmonella strains. Reconstitution of the PGA machinery endows Salmonella with the capacity to produce PGA in a cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP) dependent manner. Outside the host, the PGA polysaccharide does not seem to provide any significant benefit to Salmonella: resistance against chlorine treatment, ultraviolet light irradiation, heavy metal stress and phage infection remained the same as in a strain producing cellulose, the main biofilm exopolysaccharide naturally produced by Salmonella. In contrast, PGA production proved to be deleterious to Salmonella survival inside the host, since it increased susceptibility to bile salts and oxidative stress, and hindered the capacity of S. Enteritidis to survive inside macrophages and to colonize extraintestinal organs, including the gallbladder. Altogether, our observations indicate that PGA is an antivirulence factor whose loss may have been a necessary event during Salmonella speciation to permit survival inside the host. |
author2 |
Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España) |
author_facet |
Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España) Echeverz, Maite García, Begoña Sabalza, Amaia Valle Turrillas, Jaione Gabaldón, Toni Solano Goñi, Cristina Lasa, Íñigo |
format |
artículo |
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Echeverz, Maite García, Begoña Sabalza, Amaia Valle Turrillas, Jaione Gabaldón, Toni Solano Goñi, Cristina Lasa, Íñigo |
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Echeverz, Maite García, Begoña Sabalza, Amaia Valle Turrillas, Jaione Gabaldón, Toni Solano Goñi, Cristina Lasa, Íñigo Lack of the PGA exopolysaccharide in Salmonella as an adaptive trait for survival in the host |
author_sort |
Echeverz, Maite |
title |
Lack of the PGA exopolysaccharide in Salmonella as an adaptive trait for survival in the host |
title_short |
Lack of the PGA exopolysaccharide in Salmonella as an adaptive trait for survival in the host |
title_full |
Lack of the PGA exopolysaccharide in Salmonella as an adaptive trait for survival in the host |
title_fullStr |
Lack of the PGA exopolysaccharide in Salmonella as an adaptive trait for survival in the host |
title_full_unstemmed |
Lack of the PGA exopolysaccharide in Salmonella as an adaptive trait for survival in the host |
title_sort |
lack of the pga exopolysaccharide in salmonella as an adaptive trait for survival in the host |
publisher |
Public Library of Science |
publishDate |
2017-05-24 |
url |
http://hdl.handle.net/10261/244718 http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003329 |
work_keys_str_mv |
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1777663534631485440 |