The innovation of the final moult and the origin of insect metamorphosis
The three modes of insect postembryonic development are ametaboly, hemimetaboly and holometaboly, the latter being considered the only significant metamorphosis mode. However, the emergence of hemimetaboly, with the genuine innovation of the final moult, represents the origin of insect metamorphosis and a necessary step in the evolution of holometaboly. Hemimetaboly derives from ametaboly and might have appeared as a consequence of wing emergence in Pterygota, in the early Devonian. In extant insects, the final moult is mainly achieved through the degeneration of the prothoracic gland (PG), after the formation of the winged and reproductively competent adult stage. Metamorphosis, including the formation of the mature wings and the degeneration of the PG, is regulated by the MEKRE93 pathway, through which juvenile hormone precludes the adult morphogenesis by repressing the expression of transcription factor E93, which triggers this change. The MEKRE93 pathway appears conserved in extant metamorphosing insects, which suggest that this pathway was operative in the Pterygota last common ancestor. We propose that the final moult, and the consequent hemimetabolan metamorphosis, is a monophyletic innovation and that the role of E93 as a promoter of wing formation and the degeneration of the PG was mechanistically crucial for their emergence. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolution of complete metamorphosis'.
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Royal Society (Great Britain)
2019-08-23
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Subjects: | MEKRE93 pathway, Origin of insect final moult, evolution of insect metamorphosis, Juvenile hormone, E93, Prothoracic gland degeneration, |
Online Access: | http://hdl.handle.net/10261/207410 http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003329 http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000780 http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002809 |
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dig-ibe-es-10261-2074102021-12-27T15:58:28Z The innovation of the final moult and the origin of insect metamorphosis Bellés, Xavier Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España) European Commission Generalitat de Catalunya MEKRE93 pathway Origin of insect final moult evolution of insect metamorphosis Juvenile hormone E93 Prothoracic gland degeneration The three modes of insect postembryonic development are ametaboly, hemimetaboly and holometaboly, the latter being considered the only significant metamorphosis mode. However, the emergence of hemimetaboly, with the genuine innovation of the final moult, represents the origin of insect metamorphosis and a necessary step in the evolution of holometaboly. Hemimetaboly derives from ametaboly and might have appeared as a consequence of wing emergence in Pterygota, in the early Devonian. In extant insects, the final moult is mainly achieved through the degeneration of the prothoracic gland (PG), after the formation of the winged and reproductively competent adult stage. Metamorphosis, including the formation of the mature wings and the degeneration of the PG, is regulated by the MEKRE93 pathway, through which juvenile hormone precludes the adult morphogenesis by repressing the expression of transcription factor E93, which triggers this change. The MEKRE93 pathway appears conserved in extant metamorphosing insects, which suggest that this pathway was operative in the Pterygota last common ancestor. We propose that the final moult, and the consequent hemimetabolan metamorphosis, is a monophyletic innovation and that the role of E93 as a promoter of wing formation and the degeneration of the PG was mechanistically crucial for their emergence. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolution of complete metamorphosis'. This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (grant nos. CGL2012–36251 and CGL2015–64727-P) and the Catalan Government (grant 2017 SGR 1030). It also received financial assistance from the European Fund for Economic and Regional Development (FEDER funds). 2020-04-14T08:12:49Z 2020-04-14T08:12:49Z 2019-08-23 2020-04-14T08:12:50Z artículo http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 doi: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0415 e-issn: 1471-2970 issn: 0962-8436 Philosophical Transactions - B - Biological Sciences 374(1783): (2019) http://hdl.handle.net/10261/207410 10.1098/rstb.2018.0415 http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003329 http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000780 http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002809 31438822 #PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE# info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/MINECO/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2013-2016/CGL2015-64727-P http://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0415 Sí none Royal Society (Great Britain) |
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MEKRE93 pathway Origin of insect final moult evolution of insect metamorphosis Juvenile hormone E93 Prothoracic gland degeneration MEKRE93 pathway Origin of insect final moult evolution of insect metamorphosis Juvenile hormone E93 Prothoracic gland degeneration |
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MEKRE93 pathway Origin of insect final moult evolution of insect metamorphosis Juvenile hormone E93 Prothoracic gland degeneration MEKRE93 pathway Origin of insect final moult evolution of insect metamorphosis Juvenile hormone E93 Prothoracic gland degeneration Bellés, Xavier The innovation of the final moult and the origin of insect metamorphosis |
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The three modes of insect postembryonic development are ametaboly, hemimetaboly and holometaboly, the latter being considered the only significant metamorphosis mode. However, the emergence of hemimetaboly, with the genuine innovation of the final moult, represents the origin of insect metamorphosis and a necessary step in the evolution of holometaboly. Hemimetaboly derives from ametaboly and might have appeared as a consequence of wing emergence in Pterygota, in the early Devonian. In extant insects, the final moult is mainly achieved through the degeneration of the prothoracic gland (PG), after the formation of the winged and reproductively competent adult stage. Metamorphosis, including the formation of the mature wings and the degeneration of the PG, is regulated by the MEKRE93 pathway, through which juvenile hormone precludes the adult morphogenesis by repressing the expression of transcription factor E93, which triggers this change. The MEKRE93 pathway appears conserved in extant metamorphosing insects, which suggest that this pathway was operative in the Pterygota last common ancestor. We propose that the final moult, and the consequent hemimetabolan metamorphosis, is a monophyletic innovation and that the role of E93 as a promoter of wing formation and the degeneration of the PG was mechanistically crucial for their emergence. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolution of complete metamorphosis'. |
author2 |
Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España) |
author_facet |
Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España) Bellés, Xavier |
format |
artículo |
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MEKRE93 pathway Origin of insect final moult evolution of insect metamorphosis Juvenile hormone E93 Prothoracic gland degeneration |
author |
Bellés, Xavier |
author_sort |
Bellés, Xavier |
title |
The innovation of the final moult and the origin of insect metamorphosis |
title_short |
The innovation of the final moult and the origin of insect metamorphosis |
title_full |
The innovation of the final moult and the origin of insect metamorphosis |
title_fullStr |
The innovation of the final moult and the origin of insect metamorphosis |
title_full_unstemmed |
The innovation of the final moult and the origin of insect metamorphosis |
title_sort |
innovation of the final moult and the origin of insect metamorphosis |
publisher |
Royal Society (Great Britain) |
publishDate |
2019-08-23 |
url |
http://hdl.handle.net/10261/207410 http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003329 http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000780 http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002809 |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT bellesxavier theinnovationofthefinalmoultandtheoriginofinsectmetamorphosis AT bellesxavier innovationofthefinalmoultandtheoriginofinsectmetamorphosis |
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1777668753859805184 |