Combined effects of shade and drought on physiology, growth, and yield of mature cocoa trees
Climate models predict decreasing precipitation and increasing air temperature, causing concern for the future of cocoa in the major producing regions worldwide. It has been suggested that shade could alleviate stress by reducing radiation intensity and conserving soil moisture, but few on-farm cocoa studies are testing this hypothesis. Here, for 33 months, we subjected twelve-year cocoa plants in Ghana to three levels of rainwater suppression (full rainwater, 1/3 rainwater suppression and 2/3 rainwater suppression) under full sun or 40 % uniform shade in a split plot design, monitoring soil moisture, physiological parameters, growth, and yield. Volumetric soil moisture (ϴw) contents in the treatments ranged between 0.20 and 0.45 m3m−3 and increased under shade. Rainwater suppression decreased leaf water potentials (ѱw), reaching −1.5 MPa in full sun conditions indicating severe drought. Stomatal conductance (gs) was decreased under the full sun but was not affected by rainwater suppression, illustrating the limited control of water loss in cocoa plants. Although pre-dawn chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) indicated photoinhibition, rates of photosynthesis (Pn) were highest in full sun. On the other hand, litter fall was highest in the full sun and under water stress, while diameter growth and carbon accumulation increased in the shade but was negatively affected by rainwater suppression. Abortion of fruits and damage to pods were high under shade, but dry bean yield was higher compared to under the full sun. The absence of interactions between shade treatments and rainwater suppression suggests that shade may improve the performance of cocoa, but not sufficiently to counteract the negative effects of water stress under field conditions.
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dig-cirad-fr-6085572024-03-04T21:32:16Z http://agritrop.cirad.fr/608557/ http://agritrop.cirad.fr/608557/ Combined effects of shade and drought on physiology, growth, and yield of mature cocoa trees. Mensah Eric Opoku, Ræbild Anders, Asare Richard, Amoatey Christiana A., Markussen Bo, Owusu Kwadwo, Asitoakor Bismark Kwesi, Vaast Philippe. 2023. Science of the Total Environment, 899:165657, 14 p.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165657 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165657> Combined effects of shade and drought on physiology, growth, and yield of mature cocoa trees Mensah, Eric Opoku Ræbild, Anders Asare, Richard Amoatey, Christiana A. Markussen, Bo Owusu, Kwadwo Asitoakor, Bismark Kwesi Vaast, Philippe eng 2023 Science of the Total Environment F40 - Écologie végétale F60 - Physiologie et biochimie végétale F62 - Physiologie végétale - Croissance et développement Theobroma cacao agroforesterie eau de pluie ombrage photosynthèse physiologie végétale arbre d'ombrage stress dû à la sécheresse croissance teneur en eau du sol sécheresse Coffea arabica rendement des cultures Photo-inhibition http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7713 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_207 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_25202 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7020 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5812 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_25189 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_25548 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_24993 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3394 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7208 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2391 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1721 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_10176 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_34074 Ghana http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3253 Climate models predict decreasing precipitation and increasing air temperature, causing concern for the future of cocoa in the major producing regions worldwide. It has been suggested that shade could alleviate stress by reducing radiation intensity and conserving soil moisture, but few on-farm cocoa studies are testing this hypothesis. Here, for 33 months, we subjected twelve-year cocoa plants in Ghana to three levels of rainwater suppression (full rainwater, 1/3 rainwater suppression and 2/3 rainwater suppression) under full sun or 40 % uniform shade in a split plot design, monitoring soil moisture, physiological parameters, growth, and yield. Volumetric soil moisture (ϴw) contents in the treatments ranged between 0.20 and 0.45 m3m−3 and increased under shade. Rainwater suppression decreased leaf water potentials (ѱw), reaching −1.5 MPa in full sun conditions indicating severe drought. Stomatal conductance (gs) was decreased under the full sun but was not affected by rainwater suppression, illustrating the limited control of water loss in cocoa plants. Although pre-dawn chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) indicated photoinhibition, rates of photosynthesis (Pn) were highest in full sun. On the other hand, litter fall was highest in the full sun and under water stress, while diameter growth and carbon accumulation increased in the shade but was negatively affected by rainwater suppression. Abortion of fruits and damage to pods were high under shade, but dry bean yield was higher compared to under the full sun. The absence of interactions between shade treatments and rainwater suppression suggests that shade may improve the performance of cocoa, but not sufficiently to counteract the negative effects of water stress under field conditions. article info:eu-repo/semantics/article Journal Article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion http://agritrop.cirad.fr/608557/1/ID608557.pdf text cc_by info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165657 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165657 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165657 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/purl/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165657 info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/////(DNK) Climate Smart Cocoa Systems for Ghana/CLIMCOCOA |
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F40 - Écologie végétale F60 - Physiologie et biochimie végétale F62 - Physiologie végétale - Croissance et développement Theobroma cacao agroforesterie eau de pluie ombrage photosynthèse physiologie végétale arbre d'ombrage stress dû à la sécheresse croissance teneur en eau du sol sécheresse Coffea arabica rendement des cultures Photo-inhibition http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7713 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_207 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_25202 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7020 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5812 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_25189 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_25548 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_24993 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3394 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7208 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2391 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1721 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_10176 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_34074 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3253 F40 - Écologie végétale F60 - Physiologie et biochimie végétale F62 - Physiologie végétale - Croissance et développement Theobroma cacao agroforesterie eau de pluie ombrage photosynthèse physiologie végétale arbre d'ombrage stress dû à la sécheresse croissance teneur en eau du sol sécheresse Coffea arabica rendement des cultures Photo-inhibition http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7713 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_207 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_25202 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7020 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5812 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_25189 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_25548 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_24993 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3394 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7208 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2391 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1721 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_10176 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_34074 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3253 |
spellingShingle |
F40 - Écologie végétale F60 - Physiologie et biochimie végétale F62 - Physiologie végétale - Croissance et développement Theobroma cacao agroforesterie eau de pluie ombrage photosynthèse physiologie végétale arbre d'ombrage stress dû à la sécheresse croissance teneur en eau du sol sécheresse Coffea arabica rendement des cultures Photo-inhibition http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7713 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_207 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_25202 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7020 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5812 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_25189 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_25548 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_24993 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3394 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7208 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2391 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1721 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_10176 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_34074 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3253 F40 - Écologie végétale F60 - Physiologie et biochimie végétale F62 - Physiologie végétale - Croissance et développement Theobroma cacao agroforesterie eau de pluie ombrage photosynthèse physiologie végétale arbre d'ombrage stress dû à la sécheresse croissance teneur en eau du sol sécheresse Coffea arabica rendement des cultures Photo-inhibition http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7713 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_207 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_25202 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7020 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5812 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_25189 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_25548 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_24993 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3394 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7208 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2391 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1721 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_10176 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_34074 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3253 Mensah, Eric Opoku Ræbild, Anders Asare, Richard Amoatey, Christiana A. Markussen, Bo Owusu, Kwadwo Asitoakor, Bismark Kwesi Vaast, Philippe Combined effects of shade and drought on physiology, growth, and yield of mature cocoa trees |
description |
Climate models predict decreasing precipitation and increasing air temperature, causing concern for the future of cocoa in the major producing regions worldwide. It has been suggested that shade could alleviate stress by reducing radiation intensity and conserving soil moisture, but few on-farm cocoa studies are testing this hypothesis. Here, for 33 months, we subjected twelve-year cocoa plants in Ghana to three levels of rainwater suppression (full rainwater, 1/3 rainwater suppression and 2/3 rainwater suppression) under full sun or 40 % uniform shade in a split plot design, monitoring soil moisture, physiological parameters, growth, and yield. Volumetric soil moisture (ϴw) contents in the treatments ranged between 0.20 and 0.45 m3m−3 and increased under shade. Rainwater suppression decreased leaf water potentials (ѱw), reaching −1.5 MPa in full sun conditions indicating severe drought. Stomatal conductance (gs) was decreased under the full sun but was not affected by rainwater suppression, illustrating the limited control of water loss in cocoa plants. Although pre-dawn chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) indicated photoinhibition, rates of photosynthesis (Pn) were highest in full sun. On the other hand, litter fall was highest in the full sun and under water stress, while diameter growth and carbon accumulation increased in the shade but was negatively affected by rainwater suppression. Abortion of fruits and damage to pods were high under shade, but dry bean yield was higher compared to under the full sun. The absence of interactions between shade treatments and rainwater suppression suggests that shade may improve the performance of cocoa, but not sufficiently to counteract the negative effects of water stress under field conditions. |
format |
article |
topic_facet |
F40 - Écologie végétale F60 - Physiologie et biochimie végétale F62 - Physiologie végétale - Croissance et développement Theobroma cacao agroforesterie eau de pluie ombrage photosynthèse physiologie végétale arbre d'ombrage stress dû à la sécheresse croissance teneur en eau du sol sécheresse Coffea arabica rendement des cultures Photo-inhibition http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7713 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_207 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_25202 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7020 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5812 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_25189 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_25548 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_24993 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3394 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7208 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2391 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1721 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_10176 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_34074 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3253 |
author |
Mensah, Eric Opoku Ræbild, Anders Asare, Richard Amoatey, Christiana A. Markussen, Bo Owusu, Kwadwo Asitoakor, Bismark Kwesi Vaast, Philippe |
author_facet |
Mensah, Eric Opoku Ræbild, Anders Asare, Richard Amoatey, Christiana A. Markussen, Bo Owusu, Kwadwo Asitoakor, Bismark Kwesi Vaast, Philippe |
author_sort |
Mensah, Eric Opoku |
title |
Combined effects of shade and drought on physiology, growth, and yield of mature cocoa trees |
title_short |
Combined effects of shade and drought on physiology, growth, and yield of mature cocoa trees |
title_full |
Combined effects of shade and drought on physiology, growth, and yield of mature cocoa trees |
title_fullStr |
Combined effects of shade and drought on physiology, growth, and yield of mature cocoa trees |
title_full_unstemmed |
Combined effects of shade and drought on physiology, growth, and yield of mature cocoa trees |
title_sort |
combined effects of shade and drought on physiology, growth, and yield of mature cocoa trees |
url |
http://agritrop.cirad.fr/608557/ http://agritrop.cirad.fr/608557/1/ID608557.pdf |
work_keys_str_mv |
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