Plant protection in Latin America

The main phytosanitary problems affecting crop production in Latin America are reviewed. The use of pesticides, their availability and sources of supply in the region, demand and major problems derived from their application are analysed. Excessive and indiscriminate use of insecticides is causing great concern in the region, and government agencies, universities and grower associations are developing new control strategies aimed at reducing the use of pesticides. Information is also presented on pesticides contamination of the environment, development of resistance in arthropod and non-arthropod pests and other secondary unwanted effects of chemical application. Alternative control methods, namely biological and integrated pest control, are discussed in the light of research and field programmes conducted. The major introduced pests and diseases that are spreading in the region are listed. It is concluded that the Mediterranean fruitfly [Ceratitis capitata (Wied.)] and coffe rust disease are the major pest problems of quarantine significance at present. The role of national and regional plant quarantine services and organisations in prevention and eradication of exotic pests and diseases is emphasised. It is concluded that most of the national plant protection services lack technical support and post-entry quarantine facilities for effective quarantine action