The First National Survey of Cadmium in Cacao Farm Soil in Colombia
This study represents the first nationwide survey regarding the distribution of Cd content in cacao-growing soils in Colombia. The soil Cd distribution was analyzed using a cold/hotspots model. Moreover, both descriptive and predictive analytical tools were used to assess the key factors regulating the Cd concentration, considering Cd content and eight soil variables in the cacao systems. A critical discussion was performed in four main cacao-growing districts. Our results suggest that the performance of a model using all the variables will always be superior to the one using Zn alone. The analyzed variables featured an appropriate predictive performance, nonetheless, that performance has to be improved to develop a prediction method that might be used nationwide. Results from the fitted graphical models showed that the largest associations (as measured by the partial correlation coefficients) were those between Cd and Zn. Ca had the second-largest partial correlation with Cd and its predictive performance ranked second. Interestingly, it was found that there was high variability in the factors correlated with Cd in cacao-growing soils at a national level. Therefore, this study constitutes a baseline for forthcoming studies in the country and should be reinforced with an analysis of cadmium content in cacao beans.
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Basel, Switzerland. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
2021
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Subjects: | theobroma cacao, Cadmium, agriculture, surveys, |
Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040761 |
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KOHA-OAI-BVE:1501602022-10-07T01:16:46ZThe First National Survey of Cadmium in Cacao Farm Soil in Colombia Bravo, Daniel Leon-Moreno, Clara Martínez, Carlos Varón-Ramírez, Viviana Araujo-Carrillo, Gustavo Vargas, Ruy Quiroga-Mateus, Ruth Zamora, Annie Rodríguez, Edwin textBasel, Switzerland. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)2021| 0This study represents the first nationwide survey regarding the distribution of Cd content in cacao-growing soils in Colombia. The soil Cd distribution was analyzed using a cold/hotspots model. Moreover, both descriptive and predictive analytical tools were used to assess the key factors regulating the Cd concentration, considering Cd content and eight soil variables in the cacao systems. A critical discussion was performed in four main cacao-growing districts. Our results suggest that the performance of a model using all the variables will always be superior to the one using Zn alone. The analyzed variables featured an appropriate predictive performance, nonetheless, that performance has to be improved to develop a prediction method that might be used nationwide. Results from the fitted graphical models showed that the largest associations (as measured by the partial correlation coefficients) were those between Cd and Zn. Ca had the second-largest partial correlation with Cd and its predictive performance ranked second. Interestingly, it was found that there was high variability in the factors correlated with Cd in cacao-growing soils at a national level. Therefore, this study constitutes a baseline for forthcoming studies in the country and should be reinforced with an analysis of cadmium content in cacao beans.This study represents the first nationwide survey regarding the distribution of Cd content in cacao-growing soils in Colombia. The soil Cd distribution was analyzed using a cold/hotspots model. Moreover, both descriptive and predictive analytical tools were used to assess the key factors regulating the Cd concentration, considering Cd content and eight soil variables in the cacao systems. A critical discussion was performed in four main cacao-growing districts. Our results suggest that the performance of a model using all the variables will always be superior to the one using Zn alone. The analyzed variables featured an appropriate predictive performance, nonetheless, that performance has to be improved to develop a prediction method that might be used nationwide. Results from the fitted graphical models showed that the largest associations (as measured by the partial correlation coefficients) were those between Cd and Zn. Ca had the second-largest partial correlation with Cd and its predictive performance ranked second. Interestingly, it was found that there was high variability in the factors correlated with Cd in cacao-growing soils at a national level. Therefore, this study constitutes a baseline for forthcoming studies in the country and should be reinforced with an analysis of cadmium content in cacao beans.theobroma cacao Cadmiumagriculture surveyshttps://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040761 |
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theobroma cacao Cadmium agriculture surveys theobroma cacao Cadmium agriculture surveys Bravo, Daniel Leon-Moreno, Clara Martínez, Carlos Varón-Ramírez, Viviana Araujo-Carrillo, Gustavo Vargas, Ruy Quiroga-Mateus, Ruth Zamora, Annie Rodríguez, Edwin The First National Survey of Cadmium in Cacao Farm Soil in Colombia |
description |
This study represents the first nationwide survey regarding the distribution of Cd content
in cacao-growing soils in Colombia. The soil Cd distribution was analyzed using a cold/hotspots
model. Moreover, both descriptive and predictive analytical tools were used to assess the key factors
regulating the Cd concentration, considering Cd content and eight soil variables in the cacao systems.
A critical discussion was performed in four main cacao-growing districts. Our results suggest that the
performance of a model using all the variables will always be superior to the one using Zn alone. The
analyzed variables featured an appropriate predictive performance, nonetheless, that performance
has to be improved to develop a prediction method that might be used nationwide. Results from the
fitted graphical models showed that the largest associations (as measured by the partial correlation
coefficients) were those between Cd and Zn. Ca had the second-largest partial correlation with Cd
and its predictive performance ranked second. Interestingly, it was found that there was high
variability in the factors correlated with Cd in cacao-growing soils at a national level. Therefore, this
study constitutes a baseline for forthcoming studies in the country and should be reinforced with
an analysis of cadmium content in cacao beans. |
format |
Texto |
topic_facet |
theobroma cacao Cadmium agriculture surveys |
author |
Bravo, Daniel Leon-Moreno, Clara Martínez, Carlos Varón-Ramírez, Viviana Araujo-Carrillo, Gustavo Vargas, Ruy Quiroga-Mateus, Ruth Zamora, Annie Rodríguez, Edwin |
author_facet |
Bravo, Daniel Leon-Moreno, Clara Martínez, Carlos Varón-Ramírez, Viviana Araujo-Carrillo, Gustavo Vargas, Ruy Quiroga-Mateus, Ruth Zamora, Annie Rodríguez, Edwin |
author_sort |
Bravo, Daniel |
title |
The First National Survey of Cadmium in Cacao Farm Soil in Colombia |
title_short |
The First National Survey of Cadmium in Cacao Farm Soil in Colombia |
title_full |
The First National Survey of Cadmium in Cacao Farm Soil in Colombia |
title_fullStr |
The First National Survey of Cadmium in Cacao Farm Soil in Colombia |
title_full_unstemmed |
The First National Survey of Cadmium in Cacao Farm Soil in Colombia |
title_sort |
first national survey of cadmium in cacao farm soil in colombia |
publisher |
Basel, Switzerland. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040761 |
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