Broad - scale variation of fungal - endophyte incidence in temperate grasses

Summary: The strength of many interactions between plants and other organisms changes across regional gradients. For example, the relevance of plant-herbivore interactions increases with primary production. Likewise, biotic interactions collectively become more intense from the poles to the equator. Yet, the regional variation of the interaction between grasses and systemic fungal endophytes, which provide resistance to biotic and abiotic environmental factors [i.e. herbivory and drought], is poorly understood. We compiled 1008 records of the incidence level of fungal endophytes [Epichloë, Ascomycetes: Clavicipitaceae] on wild populations of 48 cool season grasses, encompassing 10 biomes across a broad latitudinal expanse and primary production gradient. Symbiosis incidence was analysed as a function of mean primary production, precipitation, temperature and latitude of each site, which in turn were obtained from climatic and satellital sources. Across a 30-fold variation of mean primary production, average symbiosis incidence increased from 20 percent to 70 percent. The pattern became stronger when the analysis was restricted to the single grass genus Festuca, which accounted for half of the total data. The number of grass populations showing no symbiosis incidence [0percent] decreased as primary production increased, whereas those with 100 percent of incidence increased. Primary production at the regional scale was negatively correlated with latitude but positively with mean annual temperature and precipitation. Symbiosis incidence was similarly correlated with latitude and temperature, and it was not with mean annual precipitation. Synthesis. Different descriptors of this grass-fungus symbiosis show that average incidence in wild populations world-wide increases with mean primary production. As at large spatial scales herbivory and temperature increase and aridity decreases with primary production, our results suggest that, at broad-scales, these biotic and abiotic factors may be important drivers of the symbiosis success. The strength of many interactions between plants and other organisms changes across regional gradients. We surveyed the incidence of the symbiosis between fungal endophytes and wild grass populations world-wide. Incidence increased with primary production and decreased with latitude. As herbivory, temperature and water availability relate to primary production they may be key drivers of the symbiosis success.