Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of chlorine dioxide
Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is widely used as a drinking water disinfectant in many countries. Due to its antibiotic andantiviral capacity, it has aroused interest as a potential therapeutic agent with respect to the COVID-19 disease, AIDSand Influenza. As a result of this debate in scientific and governmental settings, it was deemed highly timely toprovide an up-to-date assessment of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ClO2. The main findingsindicate that, due to its high chemical reactivity, ClO2 is rapidly reduced in oral and gastric secretions, producingchlorite (ClO2⁻), which becomes the active agent responsible for its systemic actions. ClO2 also showed potential toact as an oxidant or antioxidant depending on the concentration. Of particular therapeutic interest are the findingsthat, at low concentrations, ClO2⁻ can protect erythrocytes from oxidative stress while inhibiting excessiveproduction of hypochlorous acid (HClO) mediated by myeloperoxidase (MPO), thus reversing the inflammatoryresponses and macrophage activation. Finally, taurine-chloramine represents the most relevant functional productformed under the influence of ClO2⁻, said molecule activates the erythroid nuclear factor 2 (Nrf2), (this transcriptionfactor regulates the inducible expression of numerous genes for detoxifying and antioxidant enzymes) , increases theexpression of heme-oxygenase (HO-1), protects cells from death caused by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), improves theexpression and activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathioneperoxidase, and contributes to the resolution of the inflammatory process.
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UNIVERSIDAD DE GUADALAJARA
2021
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Rubio-Casillas, Alberto Campra-Madrid, Pablo |
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Rubio-Casillas, Alberto Campra-Madrid, Pablo Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of chlorine dioxide |
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Rubio-Casillas, Alberto Campra-Madrid, Pablo |
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Rubio-Casillas, Alberto |
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Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of chlorine dioxide |
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Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of chlorine dioxide |
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Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of chlorine dioxide |
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Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of chlorine dioxide |
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Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of chlorine dioxide |
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pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of chlorine dioxide |
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Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is widely used as a drinking water disinfectant in many countries. Due to its antibiotic andantiviral capacity, it has aroused interest as a potential therapeutic agent with respect to the COVID-19 disease, AIDSand Influenza. As a result of this debate in scientific and governmental settings, it was deemed highly timely toprovide an up-to-date assessment of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ClO2. The main findingsindicate that, due to its high chemical reactivity, ClO2 is rapidly reduced in oral and gastric secretions, producingchlorite (ClO2⁻), which becomes the active agent responsible for its systemic actions. ClO2 also showed potential toact as an oxidant or antioxidant depending on the concentration. Of particular therapeutic interest are the findingsthat, at low concentrations, ClO2⁻ can protect erythrocytes from oxidative stress while inhibiting excessiveproduction of hypochlorous acid (HClO) mediated by myeloperoxidase (MPO), thus reversing the inflammatoryresponses and macrophage activation. Finally, taurine-chloramine represents the most relevant functional productformed under the influence of ClO2⁻, said molecule activates the erythroid nuclear factor 2 (Nrf2), (this transcriptionfactor regulates the inducible expression of numerous genes for detoxifying and antioxidant enzymes) , increases theexpression of heme-oxygenase (HO-1), protects cells from death caused by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), improves theexpression and activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathioneperoxidase, and contributes to the resolution of the inflammatory process. |
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UNIVERSIDAD DE GUADALAJARA |
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2021 |
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http://e-cucba.cucba.udg.mx/index.php/e-Cucba/article/view/202 |
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AT rubiocasillasalberto pharmacokineticsandpharmacodynamicsofchlorinedioxide AT campramadridpablo pharmacokineticsandpharmacodynamicsofchlorinedioxide AT rubiocasillasalberto farmacocineticayfarmacodinamiadeldioxidodecloro AT campramadridpablo farmacocineticayfarmacodinamiadeldioxidodecloro |
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rev-ecucba-mx-article2022023-12-31T09:01:50Z Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of chlorine dioxide Farmacocinética y farmacodinamia del dióxido de cloro Rubio-Casillas, Alberto Campra-Madrid, Pablo chlorine dioxide, chlorite, hormesis, taurine-chloramine, myeloperoxidase. Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is widely used as a drinking water disinfectant in many countries. Due to its antibiotic andantiviral capacity, it has aroused interest as a potential therapeutic agent with respect to the COVID-19 disease, AIDSand Influenza. As a result of this debate in scientific and governmental settings, it was deemed highly timely toprovide an up-to-date assessment of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ClO2. The main findingsindicate that, due to its high chemical reactivity, ClO2 is rapidly reduced in oral and gastric secretions, producingchlorite (ClO2⁻), which becomes the active agent responsible for its systemic actions. ClO2 also showed potential toact as an oxidant or antioxidant depending on the concentration. Of particular therapeutic interest are the findingsthat, at low concentrations, ClO2⁻ can protect erythrocytes from oxidative stress while inhibiting excessiveproduction of hypochlorous acid (HClO) mediated by myeloperoxidase (MPO), thus reversing the inflammatoryresponses and macrophage activation. Finally, taurine-chloramine represents the most relevant functional productformed under the influence of ClO2⁻, said molecule activates the erythroid nuclear factor 2 (Nrf2), (this transcriptionfactor regulates the inducible expression of numerous genes for detoxifying and antioxidant enzymes) , increases theexpression of heme-oxygenase (HO-1), protects cells from death caused by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), improves theexpression and activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathioneperoxidase, and contributes to the resolution of the inflammatory process. El dióxido de cloro (ClO2) se usa ampliamente como desinfectante de agua potable en muchos países. Por sucapacidad antibiótica y antiviral, ha despertado interés como potencial agente terapéutico con respecto a laenfermedad de COVID-19, SIDA e Influenza. Como resultado de este debate en entornos científicos ygubernamentales, se consideró muy oportuno proporcionar una evaluación actualizada de la farmacocinética yfarmacodinamia del ClO2. Los principales hallazgos indican que, debido a su alta reactividad química, el ClO2 sereduce rápidamente en las secreciones orales y gástricas, produciendo el ión clorito (ClO2⁻) que se convierte en elagente activo responsable de sus acciones sistémicas. El ClO2 también mostró potencial para actuar como oxidante o antioxidante dependiendo de la concentración. De particular interés terapéutico son los hallazgos de que, a bajasconcentraciones, el ClO2⁻ puede proteger a los eritrocitos del estrés oxidante al mismo tiempo que inhibe laproducción excesiva de ácido hipocloroso (HClO) mediada por la mieloperoxidasa (MPO), revirtiendo así lasrespuestas inflamatorias y la activación de macrófagos. Finalmente la taurina-cloramina representa el productofuncional más relevante formado bajo la influencia del ClO2⁻ , dicha molécula activa el factor nuclear eritroide 2(Nrf2), (este factor de transcripción regula la expresión inducible de numerosos genes para las enzimasdesintoxicantes y antioxidantes), aumenta la expresión de la hemo-oxigenasa (HO-1) , protege a las células de lamuerte causada por el peróxido de hidrógeno (H2O2), mejora la expresión y las actividades de las enzimasantioxidantes, como la superóxido dismutasa, catalasa y glutatión peroxidasa, y contribuye a la resolución del proceso inflamatorio. UNIVERSIDAD DE GUADALAJARA 2021-06-08 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf http://e-cucba.cucba.udg.mx/index.php/e-Cucba/article/view/202 10.32870/ecucba.vi16.202 e-CUCBA; Núm. 16 (8): e-CUCBA | Julio-Diciembre de 2021; 21 - 35 2448-5225 10.32870/ecucba.vi16 spa http://e-cucba.cucba.udg.mx/index.php/e-Cucba/article/view/202/184 10.32870/ecucba.vi16.202.g184 Derechos de autor 2021 e-CUCBA |