Livelihood Impacts of Refugees on Host Communities : Evidence from Ethiopia
Most refugee hosting communities are characterized by high levels of poverty with precarious livelihood conditions, low access to public services, and underdeveloped infrastructure. While the unexpected inflow of refugees might bring both constraints and opportunities for improving and maintaining local livelihoods in these communities, the understanding of these effects remains limited. Using a household level micro data set from a 2018 baseline survey of the Ethiopia Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project, this paper assesses the impact of refugee inflow on the livelihood strategies of host communities with respect to diversification and agricultural commercialization. The endogeneity of refugee inflow is addressed by exploiting differences in factors that influence refugee arrival in the host communities. Specifically, the analysis uses potential refugee inflow as an instrument, which is the product of population density and intensity of conflicts (number of fatalities per event) in the closest region of the origin country to the refugee camp weighted by the distance of the refugee camp to the closest region. The paper also constructs an aggregate index to proxy households’ livelihood diversification strategies. The findings show that refugee inflow brings substantial benefits to host communities by creating significant jobs, in which people engage as secondary occupations, and triggers an increasing demand for livestock products. Specifically, while no effect was found on diversification of activities such as a primary occupation and crop product sales, a 1 percent increase in refugee inflow leads to a 2.7 percent rise in diversification of livelihood activities as a secondary occupation and a 15.9 percent increase in the value of livestock product sales. These effects tend to be heterogeneous across refugee hosting regions and the gender of the household head: negative effects were mainly observed in Gambella region, which hosts the largest refugee population in the country, and male-headed households were more likely to benefit from the refugee presence for the whole sample. The paper identifies households' increased engagement in different livelihood activities and access to markets as a potential mechanism for the observed effects. The findings add to the growing literature on the socioeconomic impacts of refugee inflow on host communities by showing an overall positive effect on the livelihoods and welfare of receiving communities.
| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Working Paper biblioteca |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
World Bank, Washington, DC
2022-05
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| Subjects: | REFUGEE COMMUNITY, PUBLIC SERVICE ACCESS, DISPLACEMENT IMPACTS, ETHIOPIA DEVELOPMENT RESPONSE TO DISPLACEMENT IMPACTS PROJEC, LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITIES, COMMERCIALIZATION, REFUGEES, HOST COMMUNITIES, DIVERSIFICATION, REFUGEE CRISIS, PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT, ECONOMIC PRESSURE, LABOR MARKET IMPACT, POVERTY, |
| Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099509505162226375/IDU06f3a1d0a0eaf50442f0837607b29ba4aedcd http://hdl.handle.net/10986/37456 |
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| Summary: | Most refugee hosting communities are
characterized by high levels of poverty with precarious
livelihood conditions, low access to public services, and
underdeveloped infrastructure. While the unexpected inflow
of refugees might bring both constraints and opportunities
for improving and maintaining local livelihoods in these
communities, the understanding of these effects remains
limited. Using a household level micro data set from a 2018
baseline survey of the Ethiopia Development Response to
Displacement Impacts Project, this paper assesses the impact
of refugee inflow on the livelihood strategies of host
communities with respect to diversification and agricultural
commercialization. The endogeneity of refugee inflow is
addressed by exploiting differences in factors that
influence refugee arrival in the host communities.
Specifically, the analysis uses potential refugee inflow as
an instrument, which is the product of population density
and intensity of conflicts (number of fatalities per event)
in the closest region of the origin country to the refugee
camp weighted by the distance of the refugee camp to the
closest region. The paper also constructs an aggregate index
to proxy households’ livelihood diversification strategies.
The findings show that refugee inflow brings substantial
benefits to host communities by creating significant jobs,
in which people engage as secondary occupations, and
triggers an increasing demand for livestock products.
Specifically, while no effect was found on diversification
of activities such as a primary occupation and crop product
sales, a 1 percent increase in refugee inflow leads to a 2.7
percent rise in diversification of livelihood activities as
a secondary occupation and a 15.9 percent increase in the
value of livestock product sales. These effects tend to be
heterogeneous across refugee hosting regions and the gender
of the household head: negative effects were mainly observed
in Gambella region, which hosts the largest refugee
population in the country, and male-headed households were
more likely to benefit from the refugee presence for the
whole sample. The paper identifies households'
increased engagement in different livelihood activities and
access to markets as a potential mechanism for the observed
effects. The findings add to the growing literature on the
socioeconomic impacts of refugee inflow on host communities
by showing an overall positive effect on the livelihoods and
welfare of receiving communities. |
|---|