What Explains the Stagnation of Female Labor Force Participation in Urban India?

Female labor force participation rates in urban India between 1987 and 2011 are surprisingly low and have stagnated since the late 1980s. Despite rising growth, fertility decline, and rising wages and education levels, married women's labor force participation hovered around 18 percent. Analysis of five large cross-sectional micro surveys shows that a combination of supply and demand effects have contributed to this stagnation. The main supply side factors are rising household incomes and husband's education as well as the falling selectivity of highly educated women. On the demand side, the sectors that draw in female workers have expanded least, so that changes in the sectoral structure of employment alone would have actually led to declining participation rates.

Bibliographic Details

Main Authors:	Klasen, Stephan, Pieters, Janneke
Format:	Working Paper biblioteca
Language:	English en_US
Published:	World Bank Group, Washington, DC 2015-03
Subjects:	JOBS, EMPLOYMENT, HIGHLY EDUCATED WOMEN, FEMALE EDUCATION, EMPLOYMENT RATE, WAGE EFFECT, FUTURE GROWTH, UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, MARRIED MEN, WORKFORCE, ECONOMIC GROWTH, UNPAID FAMILY WORKERS, WORKING-AGE POPULATION, EDUCATION OF GIRLS, SKILLED WORKERS, SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN, PRODUCTIVE EMPLOYMENT, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, AGE GROUP, LEVELS OF EDUCATION, LABOR FORCE, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, CLERICAL WORKERS, JOB, FEMALE EMPLOYMENT, LABOR ECONOMICS, POLICY DISCUSSIONS, EDUCATIONAL DISTRIBUTION, RETAIL TRADE, REAL WAGES, EDUCATED MEN, LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, RURAL POPULATION, NUMBER OF PEOPLE, POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT, WAGE GROWTH, MALE WORKERS, LABOR MARKET, URBAN MIGRATION, URBAN EMPLOYMENT, GENDER GAP, EMPLOYMENT LEVELS, INFORMAL ECONOMY, JOB OPPORTUNITIES, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, POPULATION GROWTH, BARGAINING POWER, LABOUR BUREAU, WORKER, SECONDARY SCHOOL, UNEMPLOYED, MIGRATION, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, MARRIAGE, MIGRATION DATA, LABOR, PRIMARY SCHOOL, TOTAL EMPLOYMENT, HIGH WAGES, MIGRANTS, HOUSEHOLD WEALTH, HOUSEHOLD ASSETS, AGE AT MARRIAGE, EARNINGS GROWTH, SELF-EMPLOYMENT INCOME, FEMALE LABOR, EDUCATED WOMEN, PROGRESS, UNEMPLOYMENT, AVERAGE WAGES, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL, OCCUPATIONAL CLASSIFICATION, PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH, GENDER GAPS, HUMAN CAPITAL, EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE SCHEME, INCOME SECURITY, WORKERS, MALE PARTNERS, LABOR DEMAND, WOMAN, SUBSTITUTION EFFECTS, POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER, WAGE INEQUALITY, AVERAGE WAGE, CASUAL WORKERS, DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE, OCCUPATIONS, WHITE-COLLAR OCCUPATIONS, AGE GROUPS, FAMILY INCOME, SAFETY NET, VICTIMS, URBAN AREAS, EMPLOYMENT GROWTH, PRIVATE SECTOR, WAGE RATE, ROLE OF WOMEN, EARNING, SECONDARY SCHOOLING, ILLITERATE WOMEN, LABOR MOBILITY, YOUNG CHILDREN, EDUCATION OF WOMEN, RURAL EMPLOYMENT, POLICY, LIFESTYLES, SKILLED LABOR, SALARIED EMPLOYMENT, EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE, SOCIAL STATUS, CONSUMPTION SMOOTHING, CASUAL WORKER, PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN, UNMARRIED WOMEN, LABOUR FORCE, SUBSTITUTION EFFECT, HUMAN RESOURCES, SOCIAL GROUP, RURAL AREAS, NUMBER OF CHILDREN, FEMALE LABOR FORCE, LAM, EMPLOYEE, WAGE DIFFERENTIALS, POPULATION, LABOR SUPPLY, WAGE EFFECTS, LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION, PRIMARY LEVEL, CONSUMER PRICE INDEX, URBAN WOMEN, LOCAL LABOR MARKET, MARRIED WOMEN, POLICY RESEARCH, AGE COMPOSITION, PRIMARY EDUCATION, FERTILITY, WOMEN, LABOUR, FERTILITY DECLINE, LABOR MARKETS, EXOGENOUS VARIABLE, SECONDARY EDUCATION, WAGE EMPLOYMENT, CENTER FOR POPULATION, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, EMPLOYEES,
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2015/03/24193840/explains-stagnation-female-labor-force-participation-urban-india https://hdl.handle.net/10986/21668
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