Trends in the Education Sector from 1993–98

Vietnam has achieved remarkably high rates of school enrollment and has maintained good social indicators (infant and under-five mortality rates, life expectancy, fertility rate, child nutrition, and access to basic services) compared to other countries with similar low income per capita. The author documents and analyzes changes in enrollment and education finance in Vietnam from 1993-98. Enrollment rates increased substantially, but the increases were not equally spread across different income groups, regions, gender, and ethnic groups. The higher the level of education, the larger the gap in school enrollment among different socioeconomic groups. Although school fees were no longer compulsory at the primary level, households paid for many other school-related items, such as books, uniforms, private tutors, lunch, and transportation. These costs are a significant financial burden on the poor. On the other hand, there is considerable variation in public spending per student across regions that, when coupled with variation in enrollment rates across regions, resulted in a not pro-poor public spending pattern, although public spending on primary education was neutral in 1998. Finally, the author investigates whether rates of return to education in the private wage sector changed in the 1990s. She concludes that returns to schooling increased substantially between 1992-93 and 1997-98, especially at the upper secondary education and university levels.

Bibliographic Details

Main Author:	Nga Nguyet Nguyen
Language:	English en_US
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2002-09
Subjects:	ACHIEVEMENT, ADDITIONAL RESOURCES, AGE GROUP, AGED, BASIC EDUCATION, BASIC SERVICES, BETTER-OFF HOUSEHOLDS, CLASSROOMS, COMPOSITION, CURRICULUM, DECENTRALIZATION, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EDUCATION BUDGET, EDUCATION FINANCE, EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS, EDUCATION LEVEL, EDUCATION LEVELS, EDUCATION SECTOR, EDUCATION STATISTICS, EDUCATIONAL DISADVANTAGE, ENROLLMENT, ENROLLMENT RATE, ENROLLMENT RATES, ENROLMENT RATE, ENROLMENT RATES, EQUAL OPPORTUNITY, ETHNIC GROUPS, ETHNIC MINORITIES, EXPANDED ACCESS, FAMILIES, FORMAL EDUCATION, GENDER DIFFERENCES, GENDER EQUALITY, GENDER GAP, GER, GIRLS, GROSS ENROLLMENT, GROSS ENROLLMENT RATES, GROUP EDUCATION, HOMEWORK, LEAVING SCHOOL, LEVEL OF EDUCATION, LEVELS OF EDUCATION, LIFE EXPECTANCY, LITERACY, LIVING STANDARDS, MORTALITY, NER, NET ENROLLMENT, NUTRITION, PAPERS, PARENTS, PARTICIPATION RATES, PER CAPITA INCOME, POOR PERFORMANCE, PRIMARY EDUCATION, PRIMARY SCHOOL, PRIMARY SCHOOLS, PRIMARY STUDENTS, PRIVATE COSTS, PRIVATE EDUCATION, PRIVATE SECTOR, PUBLIC EXPENDITURE, PUBLIC FUNDING, PUBLIC PRIMARY, PUBLIC SCHOOLS, PUBLIC SECTOR, QUALITY EDUCATION, QUALITY OF EDUCATION, REPETITION, REPETITION RATE, REPETITION RATES, RURAL AREAS, RURAL CHILDREN, SCHOOL CONSTRUCTION, SCHOOL CURRICULUM, SCHOOL HOURS, SCHOOL SUPPLIES, SCHOOLING, SCHOOLS, SECONDARY EDUCATION, SECONDARY LEVEL, SECONDARY SCHOOLS, TEACHER, TEACHERS, TEACHING, TEACHING AIDS, TERTIARY EDUCATION, TEXT BOOKS, TEXTBOOKS, TUITION FEES, TUTORIALS, TUTORING, TUTORS, UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION, UNIVERSITIES, UPPER PRIMARY, URBAN AREAS, VOCATIONAL TRAINING, WORK EXPERIENCE EDUCATION SECTOR, SCHOOL ENROLLMENT, SOCIAL INDICATORS, INFANT MORTALITY, CHILD MORTALITY, LIFE EXPECTANCY (HUMAN), FERTILITY RATE, CHILD NUTRITION, ACCESSIBLE SERVICES, EDUCATIONAL FINANCING, INCOME GROUPS, REGIONAL DISPARITY, SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS, PUBLIC SPENDING, ECONOMIC RATE OF CONVERGENCE, HIGHER EDUCATION,
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2002/09/2026462/trends-education-sector-1993-98 https://hdl.handle.net/10986/19275
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