Converting Land into Affordable Housing Floor Space
Cities emerge from the spatial concentration of people and economic activities. But spatial concentration is not enough; the economic viability of cities depends on people, ideas, and goods to move rapidly across the urban area. This constant movement within dense cities creates wealth but also various degrees of unpleasantness and misery that economists call negative externalities, such as congestion, pollution, and environmental degradation. In addition, the poorest inhabitants of many cities are often unable to afford a minimum-size dwelling with safe water and sanitation, as if the wealth created by cities was part of a zero-sum game where the poor will be at the losing end. The main challenge for urban planners and economists is reducing cities' negative externalities without destroying the wealth created by spatial concentration. To do that, they must plan and design infrastructure and regulations while leaving intact the self-organizing created by land and labor markets. The balance between letting markets work and correcting market externalities through infrastructure investment and regulation is difficult to achieve. Too often, planners play sorcerer's apprentice when dealing with markets whose functioning they poorly understand. The role of the urban planner is then, first, to better understand the complex interaction between market forces and government interventions, infrastructure investment and regulation, and second, to design these interventions based on precise quantitative objectives. Each city's priorities would depend on its history, circumstances, and political environment. But maintaining mobility and keeping land affordable remains the main urban planning objective common to all cities.
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dig-okr-1098618752 |
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| record_format |
koha |
| institution |
Banco Mundial |
| collection |
DSpace |
| country |
Estados Unidos |
| countrycode |
US |
| component |
Bibliográfico |
| access |
En linea |
| databasecode |
dig-okr |
| tag |
biblioteca |
| region |
America del Norte |
| libraryname |
Biblioteca del Banco Mundial |
| language |
English en_US |
| topic |
ACCESSIBILITY ACCESSIBLE LOCATION ACCIDENTS ACCOUNTABILITY AFFORDABLE HOUSING AFFORDABLE TRANSPORT AIR AIR POLLUTION APARTMENT ARTERIAL ROADS ASSETS BOTTLENECKS BUS BUS STOP BUS STOPS BUSES CAPITAL INVESTMENT CAR CAR PARKING CAR TRIPS CARBON EMISSIONS CARS CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT CITY BUSES COMMAND ECONOMIES COMMUTERS CONGESTION CONGESTION PRICING CONSTRUCTION COST OF TRANSPORT COST OF TRAVEL DAILY TRAVEL DAILY TRAVEL TIME DAILY TRIPS DECENTRALIZATION DRAINAGE DRIVING DWELLER DWELLING ELASTICITY EMPLOYMENT ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIES EXTERNALITIES FLOOR AREA FLOOR SPACE FUEL GASOLINE GREEN BELT GREENHOUSE GAS GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS HABITAT HOUSING AFFORDABILITY HOUSING DEMAND HOUSING POLICY HOUSING PRICES HOUSING PROGRAMS HOUSING SHORTAGES HOUSING STOCK HOUSING UNITS INCOME DISTRIBUTION INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT JOURNEYS LABOR MARKETS LAND DEVELOPMENT LAND MARKET LAND MARKETS LAND PRICES LAND SPECULATION LAND SUPPLY LAND USE LAND USE POLICIES LAND USE REGULATIONS LARGE CITIES LIVABLE CITIES LOCAL GOVERNMENT LOCAL ROADS LONG-DISTANCE LOW-INCOME HOUSEHOLDS MEANS OF TRANSPORT MOBILITY MODE OF TRANSPORT MUNICIPAL NEIGHBORHOODS NEW TOWNS PASSENGERS POLICE POLLUTION POPULATION DENSITIES PRIVATE VEHICLE PRODUCTIVITY PROPERTY RIGHTS PUBLIC HOUSING PUBLIC PARKS PUBLIC TRANSIT PUBLIC TRANSPORT PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM RAIL RAILWAY RAILWAYS RAPID TRANSIT REAL ESTATE RESIDENTIAL AREAS ROAD ROAD NETWORK SANITATION SATELLITE TOWNS SLUMS SOCIAL SERVICES SPEEDS SPRAWL SQUATTERS STREETS SUBSIDIZED HOUSING SUBURBAN AREAS SUBURBS SUBWAY TAX TAXIS TOLLS TOWN PLANNING TRAFFIC TRAFFIC CONGESTION TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT TRAILS TRAINS TRANSACTION COSTS TRANSIT TRANSIT FARE TRANSIT STATIONS TRANSPORT COSTS TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE TRANSPORT MODE TRANSPORT MODES TRANSPORT NETWORK TRANSPORT SYSTEMS TRAVEL BEHAVIOR TRAVEL DISTANCE TRAVEL SPEED TRAVEL SPEEDS TRAVEL TIME TRAVEL TIMES TRAVELERS TRIP URBAN URBAN AREA URBAN CORE URBAN DEVELOPMENT URBAN LAND URBAN PLANNERS URBAN PLANNING URBAN POPULATION URBAN RESEARCH URBAN TRANSIT URBAN TRANSPORT URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM URBANIZATION VEHICLE VEHICLE TRIPS VEHICLES VILLAGES WALKERS WALKING WEALTH ACCESSIBILITY ACCESSIBLE LOCATION ACCIDENTS ACCOUNTABILITY AFFORDABLE HOUSING AFFORDABLE TRANSPORT AIR AIR POLLUTION APARTMENT ARTERIAL ROADS ASSETS BOTTLENECKS BUS BUS STOP BUS STOPS BUSES CAPITAL INVESTMENT CAR CAR PARKING CAR TRIPS CARBON EMISSIONS CARS CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT CITY BUSES COMMAND ECONOMIES COMMUTERS CONGESTION CONGESTION PRICING CONSTRUCTION COST OF TRANSPORT COST OF TRAVEL DAILY TRAVEL DAILY TRAVEL TIME DAILY TRIPS DECENTRALIZATION DRAINAGE DRIVING DWELLER DWELLING ELASTICITY EMPLOYMENT ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIES EXTERNALITIES FLOOR AREA FLOOR SPACE FUEL GASOLINE GREEN BELT GREENHOUSE GAS GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS HABITAT HOUSING AFFORDABILITY HOUSING DEMAND HOUSING POLICY HOUSING PRICES HOUSING PROGRAMS HOUSING SHORTAGES HOUSING STOCK HOUSING UNITS INCOME DISTRIBUTION INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT JOURNEYS LABOR MARKETS LAND DEVELOPMENT LAND MARKET LAND MARKETS LAND PRICES LAND SPECULATION LAND SUPPLY LAND USE LAND USE POLICIES LAND USE REGULATIONS LARGE CITIES LIVABLE CITIES LOCAL GOVERNMENT LOCAL ROADS LONG-DISTANCE LOW-INCOME HOUSEHOLDS MEANS OF TRANSPORT MOBILITY MODE OF TRANSPORT MUNICIPAL NEIGHBORHOODS NEW TOWNS PASSENGERS POLICE POLLUTION POPULATION DENSITIES PRIVATE VEHICLE PRODUCTIVITY PROPERTY RIGHTS PUBLIC HOUSING PUBLIC PARKS PUBLIC TRANSIT PUBLIC TRANSPORT PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM RAIL RAILWAY RAILWAYS RAPID TRANSIT REAL ESTATE RESIDENTIAL AREAS ROAD ROAD NETWORK SANITATION SATELLITE TOWNS SLUMS SOCIAL SERVICES SPEEDS SPRAWL SQUATTERS STREETS SUBSIDIZED HOUSING SUBURBAN AREAS SUBURBS SUBWAY TAX TAXIS TOLLS TOWN PLANNING TRAFFIC TRAFFIC CONGESTION TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT TRAILS TRAINS TRANSACTION COSTS TRANSIT TRANSIT FARE TRANSIT STATIONS TRANSPORT COSTS TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE TRANSPORT MODE TRANSPORT MODES TRANSPORT NETWORK TRANSPORT SYSTEMS TRAVEL BEHAVIOR TRAVEL DISTANCE TRAVEL SPEED TRAVEL SPEEDS TRAVEL TIME TRAVEL TIMES TRAVELERS TRIP URBAN URBAN AREA URBAN CORE URBAN DEVELOPMENT URBAN LAND URBAN PLANNERS URBAN PLANNING URBAN POPULATION URBAN RESEARCH URBAN TRANSIT URBAN TRANSPORT URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM URBANIZATION VEHICLE VEHICLE TRIPS VEHICLES VILLAGES WALKERS WALKING WEALTH |
| spellingShingle |
ACCESSIBILITY ACCESSIBLE LOCATION ACCIDENTS ACCOUNTABILITY AFFORDABLE HOUSING AFFORDABLE TRANSPORT AIR AIR POLLUTION APARTMENT ARTERIAL ROADS ASSETS BOTTLENECKS BUS BUS STOP BUS STOPS BUSES CAPITAL INVESTMENT CAR CAR PARKING CAR TRIPS CARBON EMISSIONS CARS CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT CITY BUSES COMMAND ECONOMIES COMMUTERS CONGESTION CONGESTION PRICING CONSTRUCTION COST OF TRANSPORT COST OF TRAVEL DAILY TRAVEL DAILY TRAVEL TIME DAILY TRIPS DECENTRALIZATION DRAINAGE DRIVING DWELLER DWELLING ELASTICITY EMPLOYMENT ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIES EXTERNALITIES FLOOR AREA FLOOR SPACE FUEL GASOLINE GREEN BELT GREENHOUSE GAS GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS HABITAT HOUSING AFFORDABILITY HOUSING DEMAND HOUSING POLICY HOUSING PRICES HOUSING PROGRAMS HOUSING SHORTAGES HOUSING STOCK HOUSING UNITS INCOME DISTRIBUTION INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT JOURNEYS LABOR MARKETS LAND DEVELOPMENT LAND MARKET LAND MARKETS LAND PRICES LAND SPECULATION LAND SUPPLY LAND USE LAND USE POLICIES LAND USE REGULATIONS LARGE CITIES LIVABLE CITIES LOCAL GOVERNMENT LOCAL ROADS LONG-DISTANCE LOW-INCOME HOUSEHOLDS MEANS OF TRANSPORT MOBILITY MODE OF TRANSPORT MUNICIPAL NEIGHBORHOODS NEW TOWNS PASSENGERS POLICE POLLUTION POPULATION DENSITIES PRIVATE VEHICLE PRODUCTIVITY PROPERTY RIGHTS PUBLIC HOUSING PUBLIC PARKS PUBLIC TRANSIT PUBLIC TRANSPORT PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM RAIL RAILWAY RAILWAYS RAPID TRANSIT REAL ESTATE RESIDENTIAL AREAS ROAD ROAD NETWORK SANITATION SATELLITE TOWNS SLUMS SOCIAL SERVICES SPEEDS SPRAWL SQUATTERS STREETS SUBSIDIZED HOUSING SUBURBAN AREAS SUBURBS SUBWAY TAX TAXIS TOLLS TOWN PLANNING TRAFFIC TRAFFIC CONGESTION TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT TRAILS TRAINS TRANSACTION COSTS TRANSIT TRANSIT FARE TRANSIT STATIONS TRANSPORT COSTS TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE TRANSPORT MODE TRANSPORT MODES TRANSPORT NETWORK TRANSPORT SYSTEMS TRAVEL BEHAVIOR TRAVEL DISTANCE TRAVEL SPEED TRAVEL SPEEDS TRAVEL TIME TRAVEL TIMES TRAVELERS TRIP URBAN URBAN AREA URBAN CORE URBAN DEVELOPMENT URBAN LAND URBAN PLANNERS URBAN PLANNING URBAN POPULATION URBAN RESEARCH URBAN TRANSIT URBAN TRANSPORT URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM URBANIZATION VEHICLE VEHICLE TRIPS VEHICLES VILLAGES WALKERS WALKING WEALTH ACCESSIBILITY ACCESSIBLE LOCATION ACCIDENTS ACCOUNTABILITY AFFORDABLE HOUSING AFFORDABLE TRANSPORT AIR AIR POLLUTION APARTMENT ARTERIAL ROADS ASSETS BOTTLENECKS BUS BUS STOP BUS STOPS BUSES CAPITAL INVESTMENT CAR CAR PARKING CAR TRIPS CARBON EMISSIONS CARS CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT CITY BUSES COMMAND ECONOMIES COMMUTERS CONGESTION CONGESTION PRICING CONSTRUCTION COST OF TRANSPORT COST OF TRAVEL DAILY TRAVEL DAILY TRAVEL TIME DAILY TRIPS DECENTRALIZATION DRAINAGE DRIVING DWELLER DWELLING ELASTICITY EMPLOYMENT ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIES EXTERNALITIES FLOOR AREA FLOOR SPACE FUEL GASOLINE GREEN BELT GREENHOUSE GAS GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS HABITAT HOUSING AFFORDABILITY HOUSING DEMAND HOUSING POLICY HOUSING PRICES HOUSING PROGRAMS HOUSING SHORTAGES HOUSING STOCK HOUSING UNITS INCOME DISTRIBUTION INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT JOURNEYS LABOR MARKETS LAND DEVELOPMENT LAND MARKET LAND MARKETS LAND PRICES LAND SPECULATION LAND SUPPLY LAND USE LAND USE POLICIES LAND USE REGULATIONS LARGE CITIES LIVABLE CITIES LOCAL GOVERNMENT LOCAL ROADS LONG-DISTANCE LOW-INCOME HOUSEHOLDS MEANS OF TRANSPORT MOBILITY MODE OF TRANSPORT MUNICIPAL NEIGHBORHOODS NEW TOWNS PASSENGERS POLICE POLLUTION POPULATION DENSITIES PRIVATE VEHICLE PRODUCTIVITY PROPERTY RIGHTS PUBLIC HOUSING PUBLIC PARKS PUBLIC TRANSIT PUBLIC TRANSPORT PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM RAIL RAILWAY RAILWAYS RAPID TRANSIT REAL ESTATE RESIDENTIAL AREAS ROAD ROAD NETWORK SANITATION SATELLITE TOWNS SLUMS SOCIAL SERVICES SPEEDS SPRAWL SQUATTERS STREETS SUBSIDIZED HOUSING SUBURBAN AREAS SUBURBS SUBWAY TAX TAXIS TOLLS TOWN PLANNING TRAFFIC TRAFFIC CONGESTION TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT TRAILS TRAINS TRANSACTION COSTS TRANSIT TRANSIT FARE TRANSIT STATIONS TRANSPORT COSTS TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE TRANSPORT MODE TRANSPORT MODES TRANSPORT NETWORK TRANSPORT SYSTEMS TRAVEL BEHAVIOR TRAVEL DISTANCE TRAVEL SPEED TRAVEL SPEEDS TRAVEL TIME TRAVEL TIMES TRAVELERS TRIP URBAN URBAN AREA URBAN CORE URBAN DEVELOPMENT URBAN LAND URBAN PLANNERS URBAN PLANNING URBAN POPULATION URBAN RESEARCH URBAN TRANSIT URBAN TRANSPORT URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM URBANIZATION VEHICLE VEHICLE TRIPS VEHICLES VILLAGES WALKERS WALKING WEALTH Bertaud, Alain Converting Land into Affordable Housing Floor Space |
| description |
Cities emerge from the spatial
concentration of people and economic activities. But spatial
concentration is not enough; the economic viability of
cities depends on people, ideas, and goods to move rapidly
across the urban area. This constant movement within dense
cities creates wealth but also various degrees of
unpleasantness and misery that economists call negative
externalities, such as congestion, pollution, and
environmental degradation. In addition, the poorest
inhabitants of many cities are often unable to afford a
minimum-size dwelling with safe water and sanitation, as if
the wealth created by cities was part of a zero-sum game
where the poor will be at the losing end. The main challenge
for urban planners and economists is reducing cities'
negative externalities without destroying the wealth created
by spatial concentration. To do that, they must plan and
design infrastructure and regulations while leaving intact
the self-organizing created by land and labor markets. The
balance between letting markets work and correcting market
externalities through infrastructure investment and
regulation is difficult to achieve. Too often, planners play
sorcerer's apprentice when dealing with markets whose
functioning they poorly understand. The role of the urban
planner is then, first, to better understand the complex
interaction between market forces and government
interventions, infrastructure investment and regulation, and
second, to design these interventions based on precise
quantitative objectives. Each city's priorities would
depend on its history, circumstances, and political
environment. But maintaining mobility and keeping land
affordable remains the main urban planning objective common
to all cities. |
| topic_facet |
ACCESSIBILITY ACCESSIBLE LOCATION ACCIDENTS ACCOUNTABILITY AFFORDABLE HOUSING AFFORDABLE TRANSPORT AIR AIR POLLUTION APARTMENT ARTERIAL ROADS ASSETS BOTTLENECKS BUS BUS STOP BUS STOPS BUSES CAPITAL INVESTMENT CAR CAR PARKING CAR TRIPS CARBON EMISSIONS CARS CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT CITY BUSES COMMAND ECONOMIES COMMUTERS CONGESTION CONGESTION PRICING CONSTRUCTION COST OF TRANSPORT COST OF TRAVEL DAILY TRAVEL DAILY TRAVEL TIME DAILY TRIPS DECENTRALIZATION DRAINAGE DRIVING DWELLER DWELLING ELASTICITY EMPLOYMENT ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIES EXTERNALITIES FLOOR AREA FLOOR SPACE FUEL GASOLINE GREEN BELT GREENHOUSE GAS GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS HABITAT HOUSING AFFORDABILITY HOUSING DEMAND HOUSING POLICY HOUSING PRICES HOUSING PROGRAMS HOUSING SHORTAGES HOUSING STOCK HOUSING UNITS INCOME DISTRIBUTION INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT JOURNEYS LABOR MARKETS LAND DEVELOPMENT LAND MARKET LAND MARKETS LAND PRICES LAND SPECULATION LAND SUPPLY LAND USE LAND USE POLICIES LAND USE REGULATIONS LARGE CITIES LIVABLE CITIES LOCAL GOVERNMENT LOCAL ROADS LONG-DISTANCE LOW-INCOME HOUSEHOLDS MEANS OF TRANSPORT MOBILITY MODE OF TRANSPORT MUNICIPAL NEIGHBORHOODS NEW TOWNS PASSENGERS POLICE POLLUTION POPULATION DENSITIES PRIVATE VEHICLE PRODUCTIVITY PROPERTY RIGHTS PUBLIC HOUSING PUBLIC PARKS PUBLIC TRANSIT PUBLIC TRANSPORT PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM RAIL RAILWAY RAILWAYS RAPID TRANSIT REAL ESTATE RESIDENTIAL AREAS ROAD ROAD NETWORK SANITATION SATELLITE TOWNS SLUMS SOCIAL SERVICES SPEEDS SPRAWL SQUATTERS STREETS SUBSIDIZED HOUSING SUBURBAN AREAS SUBURBS SUBWAY TAX TAXIS TOLLS TOWN PLANNING TRAFFIC TRAFFIC CONGESTION TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT TRAILS TRAINS TRANSACTION COSTS TRANSIT TRANSIT FARE TRANSIT STATIONS TRANSPORT COSTS TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE TRANSPORT MODE TRANSPORT MODES TRANSPORT NETWORK TRANSPORT SYSTEMS TRAVEL BEHAVIOR TRAVEL DISTANCE TRAVEL SPEED TRAVEL SPEEDS TRAVEL TIME TRAVEL TIMES TRAVELERS TRIP URBAN URBAN AREA URBAN CORE URBAN DEVELOPMENT URBAN LAND URBAN PLANNERS URBAN PLANNING URBAN POPULATION URBAN RESEARCH URBAN TRANSIT URBAN TRANSPORT URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM URBANIZATION VEHICLE VEHICLE TRIPS VEHICLES VILLAGES WALKERS WALKING WEALTH |
| author |
Bertaud, Alain |
| author_facet |
Bertaud, Alain |
| author_sort |
Bertaud, Alain |
| title |
Converting Land into Affordable Housing Floor Space |
| title_short |
Converting Land into Affordable Housing Floor Space |
| title_full |
Converting Land into Affordable Housing Floor Space |
| title_fullStr |
Converting Land into Affordable Housing Floor Space |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Converting Land into Affordable Housing Floor Space |
| title_sort |
converting land into affordable housing floor space |
| publisher |
World Bank, Washington, DC |
| publishDate |
2014-05 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/05/19539999/converting-land-affordable-housing-floor-space https://hdl.handle.net/10986/18752 |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT bertaudalain convertinglandintoaffordablehousingfloorspace |
| _version_ |
1807156764354805760 |
| spelling |
dig-okr-10986187522024-08-08T13:59:02Z Converting Land into Affordable Housing Floor Space Bertaud, Alain ACCESSIBILITY ACCESSIBLE LOCATION ACCIDENTS ACCOUNTABILITY AFFORDABLE HOUSING AFFORDABLE TRANSPORT AIR AIR POLLUTION APARTMENT ARTERIAL ROADS ASSETS BOTTLENECKS BUS BUS STOP BUS STOPS BUSES CAPITAL INVESTMENT CAR CAR PARKING CAR TRIPS CARBON EMISSIONS CARS CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT CITY BUSES COMMAND ECONOMIES COMMUTERS CONGESTION CONGESTION PRICING CONSTRUCTION COST OF TRANSPORT COST OF TRAVEL DAILY TRAVEL DAILY TRAVEL TIME DAILY TRIPS DECENTRALIZATION DRAINAGE DRIVING DWELLER DWELLING ELASTICITY EMPLOYMENT ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIES EXTERNALITIES FLOOR AREA FLOOR SPACE FUEL GASOLINE GREEN BELT GREENHOUSE GAS GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS HABITAT HOUSING AFFORDABILITY HOUSING DEMAND HOUSING POLICY HOUSING PRICES HOUSING PROGRAMS HOUSING SHORTAGES HOUSING STOCK HOUSING UNITS INCOME DISTRIBUTION INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT JOURNEYS LABOR MARKETS LAND DEVELOPMENT LAND MARKET LAND MARKETS LAND PRICES LAND SPECULATION LAND SUPPLY LAND USE LAND USE POLICIES LAND USE REGULATIONS LARGE CITIES LIVABLE CITIES LOCAL GOVERNMENT LOCAL ROADS LONG-DISTANCE LOW-INCOME HOUSEHOLDS MEANS OF TRANSPORT MOBILITY MODE OF TRANSPORT MUNICIPAL NEIGHBORHOODS NEW TOWNS PASSENGERS POLICE POLLUTION POPULATION DENSITIES PRIVATE VEHICLE PRODUCTIVITY PROPERTY RIGHTS PUBLIC HOUSING PUBLIC PARKS PUBLIC TRANSIT PUBLIC TRANSPORT PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM RAIL RAILWAY RAILWAYS RAPID TRANSIT REAL ESTATE RESIDENTIAL AREAS ROAD ROAD NETWORK SANITATION SATELLITE TOWNS SLUMS SOCIAL SERVICES SPEEDS SPRAWL SQUATTERS STREETS SUBSIDIZED HOUSING SUBURBAN AREAS SUBURBS SUBWAY TAX TAXIS TOLLS TOWN PLANNING TRAFFIC TRAFFIC CONGESTION TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT TRAILS TRAINS TRANSACTION COSTS TRANSIT TRANSIT FARE TRANSIT STATIONS TRANSPORT COSTS TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE TRANSPORT MODE TRANSPORT MODES TRANSPORT NETWORK TRANSPORT SYSTEMS TRAVEL BEHAVIOR TRAVEL DISTANCE TRAVEL SPEED TRAVEL SPEEDS TRAVEL TIME TRAVEL TIMES TRAVELERS TRIP URBAN URBAN AREA URBAN CORE URBAN DEVELOPMENT URBAN LAND URBAN PLANNERS URBAN PLANNING URBAN POPULATION URBAN RESEARCH URBAN TRANSIT URBAN TRANSPORT URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM URBANIZATION VEHICLE VEHICLE TRIPS VEHICLES VILLAGES WALKERS WALKING WEALTH Cities emerge from the spatial concentration of people and economic activities. But spatial concentration is not enough; the economic viability of cities depends on people, ideas, and goods to move rapidly across the urban area. This constant movement within dense cities creates wealth but also various degrees of unpleasantness and misery that economists call negative externalities, such as congestion, pollution, and environmental degradation. In addition, the poorest inhabitants of many cities are often unable to afford a minimum-size dwelling with safe water and sanitation, as if the wealth created by cities was part of a zero-sum game where the poor will be at the losing end. The main challenge for urban planners and economists is reducing cities' negative externalities without destroying the wealth created by spatial concentration. To do that, they must plan and design infrastructure and regulations while leaving intact the self-organizing created by land and labor markets. The balance between letting markets work and correcting market externalities through infrastructure investment and regulation is difficult to achieve. Too often, planners play sorcerer's apprentice when dealing with markets whose functioning they poorly understand. The role of the urban planner is then, first, to better understand the complex interaction between market forces and government interventions, infrastructure investment and regulation, and second, to design these interventions based on precise quantitative objectives. Each city's priorities would depend on its history, circumstances, and political environment. But maintaining mobility and keeping land affordable remains the main urban planning objective common to all cities. 2014-06-25T20:12:56Z 2014-06-25T20:12:56Z 2014-05 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/05/19539999/converting-land-affordable-housing-floor-space https://hdl.handle.net/10986/18752 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper;No. 6870 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ application/pdf text/plain World Bank, Washington, DC |