Private Provision of Rural Infrastructure Services: Competing for Subsidies
Market-oriented reforms of infrastructure in developing countries tend to focus primarily on commercially viable services in urban areas. Nevertheless, an increasing number of countries are beginning to experiment with extending the market paradigm to infrastructure services in rural areas that are often less attractive in commercial terms. In these cases, subsidies are used to close the gap between market requirements and development needs, and are increasingly determined and allocated on a competitive basis. The authors discuss the conditions under which competition among firms for such subsidies-successfully used in the telecommunications sector in a number of middle-income countries-could also be applied to electricity, water and sanitation, and transportation services in lower-income countries.
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dig-okr-10986141682024-08-08T17:31:51Z Private Provision of Rural Infrastructure Services: Competing for Subsidies Wellenius, Bjorn Foster, Vivien Malmberg-Calvo, Christina RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE RURAL DEVELOPMENT RURAL ELECTRIFICATION RURAL ENERGY TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTOR WATER & SANITATION TRANSPORT SERVICES ACCESS BARRIERS BIDDING BUSINESS MODELS BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS BUSINESS STRATEGIES CAPITAL INVESTMENTS COMMUNAL FACILITIES COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY WATER COMPETITIVE BASIS COMPETITIVE MARKETS CONNECTION CHARGES CONNECTION FEE CONSUMER GOODS CONTRACTORS COST RECOVERY CROSS-SUBSIDIES DEBT DEBT FINANCING DEVELOPED COUNTRIES DOMESTIC CONNECTIONS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC POLICIES ELECTRICITY EXTERNALITIES FARMS HAND PUMP HOUSEHOLD CONNECTIONS HOUSEHOLDS INCOME INITIAL INVESTMENT INVESTMENT COST INVESTMENT COSTS LEVIES LICENSES LOCAL AUTHORITIES LOCAL OPERATORS LOCAL WATER MAINTENANCE COSTS MARGINAL COST MARKET DISTORTIONS MUNICIPALITIES PAYPHONES POLICY RESEARCH POTABLE WATER PRIVATE COMPANIES PRIVATE FINANCING PRIVATE OPERATOR PRIVATE OPERATORS PRIVATE SECTOR PROGRAMS PROVISION OF SERVICES PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SERVICE PUBLIC TRANSPORT QUALITY STANDARDS RADIO REFRIGERATION REGULATORY FRAMEWORK RENEWABLE RESOURCES RESPONSIBILITY FOR SERVICE PROVISION REVENUE COLLECTION ROADS RURAL COMMUNITIES RURAL ELECTRIFICATION RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE RURAL OPERATORS RURAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS RURAL TELEPHONY RURAL WATER RURAL WATER SUPPLY SANITATION SANITATION FACILITIES SANITATION SERVICES SAVINGS SCALE ECONOMIES SEPTIC TANK SERVICE CONTRACTS SERVICE DELIVERY SERVICE DELIVERY MECHANISMS SERVICE DEVELOPMENT SERVICE PROVIDERS SERVICE PROVISION SERVICE QUALITY SERVICE STANDARDS SEWERAGE SYSTEMS SMALL MUNICIPALITIES SMALL TOWNS SURFACE WATER TAX TAX REVENUE TAXATION TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE TELECENTERS TELECOMMUNICATIONS TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANIES TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTOR TELEPHONE LINES TELEPHONES TELEVISION TOWN TOWNS TRADEOFFS TRANSPARENCY URBAN AREAS URBAN WATER URBAN WATER SUPPLY USER CHARGES WASTEWATER TREATMENT WATER WATER COVERAGE WATER DISTRIBUTION WATER QUALITY WATER SERVICE WATER SERVICES WATER SOURCES WATER SUPPLIES WATER SUPPLY WATER SUPPLY COMPANY WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS WATER SYSTEM WATER SYSTEMS WATER USER WILLINGNESS TO PAY Market-oriented reforms of infrastructure in developing countries tend to focus primarily on commercially viable services in urban areas. Nevertheless, an increasing number of countries are beginning to experiment with extending the market paradigm to infrastructure services in rural areas that are often less attractive in commercial terms. In these cases, subsidies are used to close the gap between market requirements and development needs, and are increasingly determined and allocated on a competitive basis. The authors discuss the conditions under which competition among firms for such subsidies-successfully used in the telecommunications sector in a number of middle-income countries-could also be applied to electricity, water and sanitation, and transportation services in lower-income countries. 2013-06-25T15:44:57Z 2013-06-25T15:44:57Z 2004-08 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2004/08/5064627/private-provision-rural-infrastructure-services-competing-subsidies https://hdl.handle.net/10986/14168 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper;No.3365 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank application/pdf text/plain World Bank, Washington, D.C. |
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Banco Mundial |
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US |
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Bibliográfico |
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English en_US |
| topic |
RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE RURAL DEVELOPMENT RURAL ELECTRIFICATION RURAL ENERGY TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTOR WATER & SANITATION TRANSPORT SERVICES ACCESS BARRIERS BIDDING BUSINESS MODELS BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS BUSINESS STRATEGIES CAPITAL INVESTMENTS COMMUNAL FACILITIES COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY WATER COMPETITIVE BASIS COMPETITIVE MARKETS CONNECTION CHARGES CONNECTION FEE CONSUMER GOODS CONTRACTORS COST RECOVERY CROSS-SUBSIDIES DEBT DEBT FINANCING DEVELOPED COUNTRIES DOMESTIC CONNECTIONS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC POLICIES ELECTRICITY EXTERNALITIES FARMS HAND PUMP HOUSEHOLD CONNECTIONS HOUSEHOLDS INCOME INITIAL INVESTMENT INVESTMENT COST INVESTMENT COSTS LEVIES LICENSES LOCAL AUTHORITIES LOCAL OPERATORS LOCAL WATER MAINTENANCE COSTS MARGINAL COST MARKET DISTORTIONS MUNICIPALITIES PAYPHONES POLICY RESEARCH POTABLE WATER PRIVATE COMPANIES PRIVATE FINANCING PRIVATE OPERATOR PRIVATE OPERATORS PRIVATE SECTOR PROGRAMS PROVISION OF SERVICES PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SERVICE PUBLIC TRANSPORT QUALITY STANDARDS RADIO REFRIGERATION REGULATORY FRAMEWORK RENEWABLE RESOURCES RESPONSIBILITY FOR SERVICE PROVISION REVENUE COLLECTION ROADS RURAL COMMUNITIES RURAL ELECTRIFICATION RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE RURAL OPERATORS RURAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS RURAL TELEPHONY RURAL WATER RURAL WATER SUPPLY SANITATION SANITATION FACILITIES SANITATION SERVICES SAVINGS SCALE ECONOMIES SEPTIC TANK SERVICE CONTRACTS SERVICE DELIVERY SERVICE DELIVERY MECHANISMS SERVICE DEVELOPMENT SERVICE PROVIDERS SERVICE PROVISION SERVICE QUALITY SERVICE STANDARDS SEWERAGE SYSTEMS SMALL MUNICIPALITIES SMALL TOWNS SURFACE WATER TAX TAX REVENUE TAXATION TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE TELECENTERS TELECOMMUNICATIONS TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANIES TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTOR TELEPHONE LINES TELEPHONES TELEVISION TOWN TOWNS TRADEOFFS TRANSPARENCY URBAN AREAS URBAN WATER URBAN WATER SUPPLY USER CHARGES WASTEWATER TREATMENT WATER WATER COVERAGE WATER DISTRIBUTION WATER QUALITY WATER SERVICE WATER SERVICES WATER SOURCES WATER SUPPLIES WATER SUPPLY WATER SUPPLY COMPANY WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS WATER SYSTEM WATER SYSTEMS WATER USER WILLINGNESS TO PAY RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE RURAL DEVELOPMENT RURAL ELECTRIFICATION RURAL ENERGY TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTOR WATER & SANITATION TRANSPORT SERVICES ACCESS BARRIERS BIDDING BUSINESS MODELS BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS BUSINESS STRATEGIES CAPITAL INVESTMENTS COMMUNAL FACILITIES COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY WATER COMPETITIVE BASIS COMPETITIVE MARKETS CONNECTION CHARGES CONNECTION FEE CONSUMER GOODS CONTRACTORS COST RECOVERY CROSS-SUBSIDIES DEBT DEBT FINANCING DEVELOPED COUNTRIES DOMESTIC CONNECTIONS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC POLICIES ELECTRICITY EXTERNALITIES FARMS HAND PUMP HOUSEHOLD CONNECTIONS HOUSEHOLDS INCOME INITIAL INVESTMENT INVESTMENT COST INVESTMENT COSTS LEVIES LICENSES LOCAL AUTHORITIES LOCAL OPERATORS LOCAL WATER MAINTENANCE COSTS MARGINAL COST MARKET DISTORTIONS MUNICIPALITIES PAYPHONES POLICY RESEARCH POTABLE WATER PRIVATE COMPANIES PRIVATE FINANCING PRIVATE OPERATOR PRIVATE OPERATORS PRIVATE SECTOR PROGRAMS PROVISION OF SERVICES PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SERVICE PUBLIC TRANSPORT QUALITY STANDARDS RADIO REFRIGERATION REGULATORY FRAMEWORK RENEWABLE RESOURCES RESPONSIBILITY FOR SERVICE PROVISION REVENUE COLLECTION ROADS RURAL COMMUNITIES RURAL ELECTRIFICATION RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE RURAL OPERATORS RURAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS RURAL TELEPHONY RURAL WATER RURAL WATER SUPPLY SANITATION SANITATION FACILITIES SANITATION SERVICES SAVINGS SCALE ECONOMIES SEPTIC TANK SERVICE CONTRACTS SERVICE DELIVERY SERVICE DELIVERY MECHANISMS SERVICE DEVELOPMENT SERVICE PROVIDERS SERVICE PROVISION SERVICE QUALITY SERVICE STANDARDS SEWERAGE SYSTEMS SMALL MUNICIPALITIES SMALL TOWNS SURFACE WATER TAX TAX REVENUE TAXATION TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE TELECENTERS TELECOMMUNICATIONS TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANIES TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTOR TELEPHONE LINES TELEPHONES TELEVISION TOWN TOWNS TRADEOFFS TRANSPARENCY URBAN AREAS URBAN WATER URBAN WATER SUPPLY USER CHARGES WASTEWATER TREATMENT WATER WATER COVERAGE WATER DISTRIBUTION WATER QUALITY WATER SERVICE WATER SERVICES WATER SOURCES WATER SUPPLIES WATER SUPPLY WATER SUPPLY COMPANY WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS WATER SYSTEM WATER SYSTEMS WATER USER WILLINGNESS TO PAY |
| spellingShingle |
RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE RURAL DEVELOPMENT RURAL ELECTRIFICATION RURAL ENERGY TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTOR WATER & SANITATION TRANSPORT SERVICES ACCESS BARRIERS BIDDING BUSINESS MODELS BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS BUSINESS STRATEGIES CAPITAL INVESTMENTS COMMUNAL FACILITIES COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY WATER COMPETITIVE BASIS COMPETITIVE MARKETS CONNECTION CHARGES CONNECTION FEE CONSUMER GOODS CONTRACTORS COST RECOVERY CROSS-SUBSIDIES DEBT DEBT FINANCING DEVELOPED COUNTRIES DOMESTIC CONNECTIONS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC POLICIES ELECTRICITY EXTERNALITIES FARMS HAND PUMP HOUSEHOLD CONNECTIONS HOUSEHOLDS INCOME INITIAL INVESTMENT INVESTMENT COST INVESTMENT COSTS LEVIES LICENSES LOCAL AUTHORITIES LOCAL OPERATORS LOCAL WATER MAINTENANCE COSTS MARGINAL COST MARKET DISTORTIONS MUNICIPALITIES PAYPHONES POLICY RESEARCH POTABLE WATER PRIVATE COMPANIES PRIVATE FINANCING PRIVATE OPERATOR PRIVATE OPERATORS PRIVATE SECTOR PROGRAMS PROVISION OF SERVICES PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SERVICE PUBLIC TRANSPORT QUALITY STANDARDS RADIO REFRIGERATION REGULATORY FRAMEWORK RENEWABLE RESOURCES RESPONSIBILITY FOR SERVICE PROVISION REVENUE COLLECTION ROADS RURAL COMMUNITIES RURAL ELECTRIFICATION RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE RURAL OPERATORS RURAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS RURAL TELEPHONY RURAL WATER RURAL WATER SUPPLY SANITATION SANITATION FACILITIES SANITATION SERVICES SAVINGS SCALE ECONOMIES SEPTIC TANK SERVICE CONTRACTS SERVICE DELIVERY SERVICE DELIVERY MECHANISMS SERVICE DEVELOPMENT SERVICE PROVIDERS SERVICE PROVISION SERVICE QUALITY SERVICE STANDARDS SEWERAGE SYSTEMS SMALL MUNICIPALITIES SMALL TOWNS SURFACE WATER TAX TAX REVENUE TAXATION TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE TELECENTERS TELECOMMUNICATIONS TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANIES TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTOR TELEPHONE LINES TELEPHONES TELEVISION TOWN TOWNS TRADEOFFS TRANSPARENCY URBAN AREAS URBAN WATER URBAN WATER SUPPLY USER CHARGES WASTEWATER TREATMENT WATER WATER COVERAGE WATER DISTRIBUTION WATER QUALITY WATER SERVICE WATER SERVICES WATER SOURCES WATER SUPPLIES WATER SUPPLY WATER SUPPLY COMPANY WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS WATER SYSTEM WATER SYSTEMS WATER USER WILLINGNESS TO PAY RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE RURAL DEVELOPMENT RURAL ELECTRIFICATION RURAL ENERGY TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTOR WATER & SANITATION TRANSPORT SERVICES ACCESS BARRIERS BIDDING BUSINESS MODELS BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS BUSINESS STRATEGIES CAPITAL INVESTMENTS COMMUNAL FACILITIES COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY WATER COMPETITIVE BASIS COMPETITIVE MARKETS CONNECTION CHARGES CONNECTION FEE CONSUMER GOODS CONTRACTORS COST RECOVERY CROSS-SUBSIDIES DEBT DEBT FINANCING DEVELOPED COUNTRIES DOMESTIC CONNECTIONS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC POLICIES ELECTRICITY EXTERNALITIES FARMS HAND PUMP HOUSEHOLD CONNECTIONS HOUSEHOLDS INCOME INITIAL INVESTMENT INVESTMENT COST INVESTMENT COSTS LEVIES LICENSES LOCAL AUTHORITIES LOCAL OPERATORS LOCAL WATER MAINTENANCE COSTS MARGINAL COST MARKET DISTORTIONS MUNICIPALITIES PAYPHONES POLICY RESEARCH POTABLE WATER PRIVATE COMPANIES PRIVATE FINANCING PRIVATE OPERATOR PRIVATE OPERATORS PRIVATE SECTOR PROGRAMS PROVISION OF SERVICES PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SERVICE PUBLIC TRANSPORT QUALITY STANDARDS RADIO REFRIGERATION REGULATORY FRAMEWORK RENEWABLE RESOURCES RESPONSIBILITY FOR SERVICE PROVISION REVENUE COLLECTION ROADS RURAL COMMUNITIES RURAL ELECTRIFICATION RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE RURAL OPERATORS RURAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS RURAL TELEPHONY RURAL WATER RURAL WATER SUPPLY SANITATION SANITATION FACILITIES SANITATION SERVICES SAVINGS SCALE ECONOMIES SEPTIC TANK SERVICE CONTRACTS SERVICE DELIVERY SERVICE DELIVERY MECHANISMS SERVICE DEVELOPMENT SERVICE PROVIDERS SERVICE PROVISION SERVICE QUALITY SERVICE STANDARDS SEWERAGE SYSTEMS SMALL MUNICIPALITIES SMALL TOWNS SURFACE WATER TAX TAX REVENUE TAXATION TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE TELECENTERS TELECOMMUNICATIONS TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANIES TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTOR TELEPHONE LINES TELEPHONES TELEVISION TOWN TOWNS TRADEOFFS TRANSPARENCY URBAN AREAS URBAN WATER URBAN WATER SUPPLY USER CHARGES WASTEWATER TREATMENT WATER WATER COVERAGE WATER DISTRIBUTION WATER QUALITY WATER SERVICE WATER SERVICES WATER SOURCES WATER SUPPLIES WATER SUPPLY WATER SUPPLY COMPANY WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS WATER SYSTEM WATER SYSTEMS WATER USER WILLINGNESS TO PAY Wellenius, Bjorn Foster, Vivien Malmberg-Calvo, Christina Private Provision of Rural Infrastructure Services: Competing for Subsidies |
| description |
Market-oriented reforms of
infrastructure in developing countries tend to focus
primarily on commercially viable services in urban areas.
Nevertheless, an increasing number of countries are
beginning to experiment with extending the market paradigm
to infrastructure services in rural areas that are often
less attractive in commercial terms. In these cases,
subsidies are used to close the gap between market
requirements and development needs, and are increasingly
determined and allocated on a competitive basis. The authors
discuss the conditions under which competition among firms
for such subsidies-successfully used in the
telecommunications sector in a number of middle-income
countries-could also be applied to electricity, water and
sanitation, and transportation services in lower-income countries. |
| topic_facet |
RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE RURAL DEVELOPMENT RURAL ELECTRIFICATION RURAL ENERGY TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTOR WATER & SANITATION TRANSPORT SERVICES ACCESS BARRIERS BIDDING BUSINESS MODELS BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS BUSINESS STRATEGIES CAPITAL INVESTMENTS COMMUNAL FACILITIES COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY WATER COMPETITIVE BASIS COMPETITIVE MARKETS CONNECTION CHARGES CONNECTION FEE CONSUMER GOODS CONTRACTORS COST RECOVERY CROSS-SUBSIDIES DEBT DEBT FINANCING DEVELOPED COUNTRIES DOMESTIC CONNECTIONS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC POLICIES ELECTRICITY EXTERNALITIES FARMS HAND PUMP HOUSEHOLD CONNECTIONS HOUSEHOLDS INCOME INITIAL INVESTMENT INVESTMENT COST INVESTMENT COSTS LEVIES LICENSES LOCAL AUTHORITIES LOCAL OPERATORS LOCAL WATER MAINTENANCE COSTS MARGINAL COST MARKET DISTORTIONS MUNICIPALITIES PAYPHONES POLICY RESEARCH POTABLE WATER PRIVATE COMPANIES PRIVATE FINANCING PRIVATE OPERATOR PRIVATE OPERATORS PRIVATE SECTOR PROGRAMS PROVISION OF SERVICES PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SERVICE PUBLIC TRANSPORT QUALITY STANDARDS RADIO REFRIGERATION REGULATORY FRAMEWORK RENEWABLE RESOURCES RESPONSIBILITY FOR SERVICE PROVISION REVENUE COLLECTION ROADS RURAL COMMUNITIES RURAL ELECTRIFICATION RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE RURAL OPERATORS RURAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS RURAL TELEPHONY RURAL WATER RURAL WATER SUPPLY SANITATION SANITATION FACILITIES SANITATION SERVICES SAVINGS SCALE ECONOMIES SEPTIC TANK SERVICE CONTRACTS SERVICE DELIVERY SERVICE DELIVERY MECHANISMS SERVICE DEVELOPMENT SERVICE PROVIDERS SERVICE PROVISION SERVICE QUALITY SERVICE STANDARDS SEWERAGE SYSTEMS SMALL MUNICIPALITIES SMALL TOWNS SURFACE WATER TAX TAX REVENUE TAXATION TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE TELECENTERS TELECOMMUNICATIONS TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANIES TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTOR TELEPHONE LINES TELEPHONES TELEVISION TOWN TOWNS TRADEOFFS TRANSPARENCY URBAN AREAS URBAN WATER URBAN WATER SUPPLY USER CHARGES WASTEWATER TREATMENT WATER WATER COVERAGE WATER DISTRIBUTION WATER QUALITY WATER SERVICE WATER SERVICES WATER SOURCES WATER SUPPLIES WATER SUPPLY WATER SUPPLY COMPANY WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS WATER SYSTEM WATER SYSTEMS WATER USER WILLINGNESS TO PAY |
| author |
Wellenius, Bjorn Foster, Vivien Malmberg-Calvo, Christina |
| author_facet |
Wellenius, Bjorn Foster, Vivien Malmberg-Calvo, Christina |
| author_sort |
Wellenius, Bjorn |
| title |
Private Provision of Rural Infrastructure Services: Competing for Subsidies |
| title_short |
Private Provision of Rural Infrastructure Services: Competing for Subsidies |
| title_full |
Private Provision of Rural Infrastructure Services: Competing for Subsidies |
| title_fullStr |
Private Provision of Rural Infrastructure Services: Competing for Subsidies |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Private Provision of Rural Infrastructure Services: Competing for Subsidies |
| title_sort |
private provision of rural infrastructure services: competing for subsidies |
| publisher |
World Bank, Washington, D.C. |
| publishDate |
2004-08 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2004/08/5064627/private-provision-rural-infrastructure-services-competing-subsidies https://hdl.handle.net/10986/14168 |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT welleniusbjorn privateprovisionofruralinfrastructureservicescompetingforsubsidies AT fostervivien privateprovisionofruralinfrastructureservicescompetingforsubsidies AT malmbergcalvochristina privateprovisionofruralinfrastructureservicescompetingforsubsidies |
| _version_ |
1807154287426404352 |