Why Has Poverty Increased in Zimbabwe?
Poverty in Zimbabwe increased significantly during the 1990s, and it increased in all sectors of the economy. In the middle of the decade, more than 60 percent of Zimbabwean households fell below the national poverty line. There are competing reasons for this: some say it was the result of the government instituting the Economic Structural Adjustment Program (ESAP), and others say that ESAP's effectiveness was hampered by recurring drought. This document sheds light on the sources of the increase in Zimbabwean poverty, with the use of non-parametric, and parametric statistical methods. These techniques support the conclusion that the drought, though harmful, does not entirely explain the increase in poverty. The deteriorating economic environment, reducing the returns to both human, and physical assets, also had profound effects on household well-being. What are the prospects for improvement in the near future? Only serious structural changes to the economy can create labor market conditions, conducive to long-term, broad-based growth.
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dig-okr-10986140602024-08-08T17:54:42Z Why Has Poverty Increased in Zimbabwe? Alwang, Jeffrey Mills, Bradford F. Taruvinga, Nelson AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION CLIMATE CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES COST RECOVERY DEBT DENSITY FUNCTION DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS DOMESTIC MARKETS ECONOMIC CHANGE ECONOMIC DECLINE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC POLICY EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT STATUS EQUIVALENT CONSUMPTION EXCHANGE RATE EXERCISES EXPENDITURE SURVEY EXTREME POVERTY FAMILIES FARMS FOOD NEEDS FOREIGN EXCHANGE FUNCTIONAL FORM GINI COEFFICIENT GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES HEALTH MINISTRIES HEALTH SERVICES HEALTH SURVEYS HIGH POVERTY HOUSEHOLD ASSETS HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD HEAD HOUSEHOLD WELFARE HOUSING HUMAN CAPITAL IMMUNIZATION IMPORTS INCOME INCREASED SPENDING INDEXES INFLATION INFORMAL SECTOR INFORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT INTEREST RATES INTERNATIONAL TRADE INVESTMENT CLIMATE LABOR MARKET LAND USE LEGISLATION MACROECONOMIC CONDITIONS MARKETING MIGRATION NATIONAL POVERTY NATIONAL POVERTY LINE POLICY REFORMS POOR HOUSEHOLDS POVERTY CHANGES POVERTY DYNAMICS POVERTY INCREASE POVERTY LEVELS POVERTY LINE POVERTY OUTCOMES POVERTY PROFILE POVERTY REDUCTION POVERTY STATUS POVERTY TRENDS PRIMARY CARE PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIVATE SECTOR PRO-POOR PROBABILITY PRODUCTIVITY PROPERTY RIGHTS PUBLIC INVESTMENT PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SERVICE PUBLIC SERVICES REAL TERMS REDUCED INEQUALITY REDUCING POVERTY RURAL AREAS RURAL HOUSEHOLDS RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE RURAL RESIDENCE SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL DIMENSIONS SOCIAL SECTORS STATISTICAL OFFICE STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT TAXATION TERMS OF TRADE URBAN AREA URBAN AREAS URBAN HOUSEHOLDS URBAN POOR URBAN POVERTY POVERTY INCIDENCE HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS POVERTY DEPTH POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIES POLICY FRAMEWORK ABSOLUTE POVERTY INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMS MACROECONOMIC CONTEXT DROUGHT DAMAGE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ECONOMIC CONSTRAINTS HUMAN CAPITAL PHYSICAL CAPACITY HOUSEHOLD WELFARE INDICATORS STRUCTURAL REFORMS LABOR MARKET NEXUS ECONOMIC GROWTH Poverty in Zimbabwe increased significantly during the 1990s, and it increased in all sectors of the economy. In the middle of the decade, more than 60 percent of Zimbabwean households fell below the national poverty line. There are competing reasons for this: some say it was the result of the government instituting the Economic Structural Adjustment Program (ESAP), and others say that ESAP's effectiveness was hampered by recurring drought. This document sheds light on the sources of the increase in Zimbabwean poverty, with the use of non-parametric, and parametric statistical methods. These techniques support the conclusion that the drought, though harmful, does not entirely explain the increase in poverty. The deteriorating economic environment, reducing the returns to both human, and physical assets, also had profound effects on household well-being. What are the prospects for improvement in the near future? Only serious structural changes to the economy can create labor market conditions, conducive to long-term, broad-based growth. 2013-06-20T15:56:41Z 2013-06-20T15:56:41Z 2002-03 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2002/03/1768223/poverty-increased-zimbabwe 0-8213-5033-1 https://hdl.handle.net/10986/14060 English en_US Poverty Dynamics in Africa; CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo World Bank application/pdf text/plain Washington, DC: World Bank |
| institution |
Banco Mundial |
| collection |
DSpace |
| country |
Estados Unidos |
| countrycode |
US |
| component |
Bibliográfico |
| access |
En linea |
| databasecode |
dig-okr |
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biblioteca |
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America del Norte |
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Biblioteca del Banco Mundial |
| language |
English en_US |
| topic |
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION CLIMATE CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES COST RECOVERY DEBT DENSITY FUNCTION DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS DOMESTIC MARKETS ECONOMIC CHANGE ECONOMIC DECLINE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC POLICY EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT STATUS EQUIVALENT CONSUMPTION EXCHANGE RATE EXERCISES EXPENDITURE SURVEY EXTREME POVERTY FAMILIES FARMS FOOD NEEDS FOREIGN EXCHANGE FUNCTIONAL FORM GINI COEFFICIENT GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES HEALTH MINISTRIES HEALTH SERVICES HEALTH SURVEYS HIGH POVERTY HOUSEHOLD ASSETS HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD HEAD HOUSEHOLD WELFARE HOUSING HUMAN CAPITAL IMMUNIZATION IMPORTS INCOME INCREASED SPENDING INDEXES INFLATION INFORMAL SECTOR INFORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT INTEREST RATES INTERNATIONAL TRADE INVESTMENT CLIMATE LABOR MARKET LAND USE LEGISLATION MACROECONOMIC CONDITIONS MARKETING MIGRATION NATIONAL POVERTY NATIONAL POVERTY LINE POLICY REFORMS POOR HOUSEHOLDS POVERTY CHANGES POVERTY DYNAMICS POVERTY INCREASE POVERTY LEVELS POVERTY LINE POVERTY OUTCOMES POVERTY PROFILE POVERTY REDUCTION POVERTY STATUS POVERTY TRENDS PRIMARY CARE PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIVATE SECTOR PRO-POOR PROBABILITY PRODUCTIVITY PROPERTY RIGHTS PUBLIC INVESTMENT PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SERVICE PUBLIC SERVICES REAL TERMS REDUCED INEQUALITY REDUCING POVERTY RURAL AREAS RURAL HOUSEHOLDS RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE RURAL RESIDENCE SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL DIMENSIONS SOCIAL SECTORS STATISTICAL OFFICE STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT TAXATION TERMS OF TRADE URBAN AREA URBAN AREAS URBAN HOUSEHOLDS URBAN POOR URBAN POVERTY POVERTY INCIDENCE HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS POVERTY DEPTH POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIES POLICY FRAMEWORK ABSOLUTE POVERTY INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMS MACROECONOMIC CONTEXT DROUGHT DAMAGE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ECONOMIC CONSTRAINTS HUMAN CAPITAL PHYSICAL CAPACITY HOUSEHOLD WELFARE INDICATORS STRUCTURAL REFORMS LABOR MARKET NEXUS ECONOMIC GROWTH AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION CLIMATE CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES COST RECOVERY DEBT DENSITY FUNCTION DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS DOMESTIC MARKETS ECONOMIC CHANGE ECONOMIC DECLINE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC POLICY EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT STATUS EQUIVALENT CONSUMPTION EXCHANGE RATE EXERCISES EXPENDITURE SURVEY EXTREME POVERTY FAMILIES FARMS FOOD NEEDS FOREIGN EXCHANGE FUNCTIONAL FORM GINI COEFFICIENT GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES HEALTH MINISTRIES HEALTH SERVICES HEALTH SURVEYS HIGH POVERTY HOUSEHOLD ASSETS HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD HEAD HOUSEHOLD WELFARE HOUSING HUMAN CAPITAL IMMUNIZATION IMPORTS INCOME INCREASED SPENDING INDEXES INFLATION INFORMAL SECTOR INFORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT INTEREST RATES INTERNATIONAL TRADE INVESTMENT CLIMATE LABOR MARKET LAND USE LEGISLATION MACROECONOMIC CONDITIONS MARKETING MIGRATION NATIONAL POVERTY NATIONAL POVERTY LINE POLICY REFORMS POOR HOUSEHOLDS POVERTY CHANGES POVERTY DYNAMICS POVERTY INCREASE POVERTY LEVELS POVERTY LINE POVERTY OUTCOMES POVERTY PROFILE POVERTY REDUCTION POVERTY STATUS POVERTY TRENDS PRIMARY CARE PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIVATE SECTOR PRO-POOR PROBABILITY PRODUCTIVITY PROPERTY RIGHTS PUBLIC INVESTMENT PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SERVICE PUBLIC SERVICES REAL TERMS REDUCED INEQUALITY REDUCING POVERTY RURAL AREAS RURAL HOUSEHOLDS RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE RURAL RESIDENCE SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL DIMENSIONS SOCIAL SECTORS STATISTICAL OFFICE STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT TAXATION TERMS OF TRADE URBAN AREA URBAN AREAS URBAN HOUSEHOLDS URBAN POOR URBAN POVERTY POVERTY INCIDENCE HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS POVERTY DEPTH POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIES POLICY FRAMEWORK ABSOLUTE POVERTY INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMS MACROECONOMIC CONTEXT DROUGHT DAMAGE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ECONOMIC CONSTRAINTS HUMAN CAPITAL PHYSICAL CAPACITY HOUSEHOLD WELFARE INDICATORS STRUCTURAL REFORMS LABOR MARKET NEXUS ECONOMIC GROWTH |
| spellingShingle |
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION CLIMATE CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES COST RECOVERY DEBT DENSITY FUNCTION DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS DOMESTIC MARKETS ECONOMIC CHANGE ECONOMIC DECLINE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC POLICY EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT STATUS EQUIVALENT CONSUMPTION EXCHANGE RATE EXERCISES EXPENDITURE SURVEY EXTREME POVERTY FAMILIES FARMS FOOD NEEDS FOREIGN EXCHANGE FUNCTIONAL FORM GINI COEFFICIENT GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES HEALTH MINISTRIES HEALTH SERVICES HEALTH SURVEYS HIGH POVERTY HOUSEHOLD ASSETS HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD HEAD HOUSEHOLD WELFARE HOUSING HUMAN CAPITAL IMMUNIZATION IMPORTS INCOME INCREASED SPENDING INDEXES INFLATION INFORMAL SECTOR INFORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT INTEREST RATES INTERNATIONAL TRADE INVESTMENT CLIMATE LABOR MARKET LAND USE LEGISLATION MACROECONOMIC CONDITIONS MARKETING MIGRATION NATIONAL POVERTY NATIONAL POVERTY LINE POLICY REFORMS POOR HOUSEHOLDS POVERTY CHANGES POVERTY DYNAMICS POVERTY INCREASE POVERTY LEVELS POVERTY LINE POVERTY OUTCOMES POVERTY PROFILE POVERTY REDUCTION POVERTY STATUS POVERTY TRENDS PRIMARY CARE PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIVATE SECTOR PRO-POOR PROBABILITY PRODUCTIVITY PROPERTY RIGHTS PUBLIC INVESTMENT PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SERVICE PUBLIC SERVICES REAL TERMS REDUCED INEQUALITY REDUCING POVERTY RURAL AREAS RURAL HOUSEHOLDS RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE RURAL RESIDENCE SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL DIMENSIONS SOCIAL SECTORS STATISTICAL OFFICE STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT TAXATION TERMS OF TRADE URBAN AREA URBAN AREAS URBAN HOUSEHOLDS URBAN POOR URBAN POVERTY POVERTY INCIDENCE HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS POVERTY DEPTH POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIES POLICY FRAMEWORK ABSOLUTE POVERTY INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMS MACROECONOMIC CONTEXT DROUGHT DAMAGE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ECONOMIC CONSTRAINTS HUMAN CAPITAL PHYSICAL CAPACITY HOUSEHOLD WELFARE INDICATORS STRUCTURAL REFORMS LABOR MARKET NEXUS ECONOMIC GROWTH AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION CLIMATE CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES COST RECOVERY DEBT DENSITY FUNCTION DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS DOMESTIC MARKETS ECONOMIC CHANGE ECONOMIC DECLINE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC POLICY EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT STATUS EQUIVALENT CONSUMPTION EXCHANGE RATE EXERCISES EXPENDITURE SURVEY EXTREME POVERTY FAMILIES FARMS FOOD NEEDS FOREIGN EXCHANGE FUNCTIONAL FORM GINI COEFFICIENT GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES HEALTH MINISTRIES HEALTH SERVICES HEALTH SURVEYS HIGH POVERTY HOUSEHOLD ASSETS HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD HEAD HOUSEHOLD WELFARE HOUSING HUMAN CAPITAL IMMUNIZATION IMPORTS INCOME INCREASED SPENDING INDEXES INFLATION INFORMAL SECTOR INFORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT INTEREST RATES INTERNATIONAL TRADE INVESTMENT CLIMATE LABOR MARKET LAND USE LEGISLATION MACROECONOMIC CONDITIONS MARKETING MIGRATION NATIONAL POVERTY NATIONAL POVERTY LINE POLICY REFORMS POOR HOUSEHOLDS POVERTY CHANGES POVERTY DYNAMICS POVERTY INCREASE POVERTY LEVELS POVERTY LINE POVERTY OUTCOMES POVERTY PROFILE POVERTY REDUCTION POVERTY STATUS POVERTY TRENDS PRIMARY CARE PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIVATE SECTOR PRO-POOR PROBABILITY PRODUCTIVITY PROPERTY RIGHTS PUBLIC INVESTMENT PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SERVICE PUBLIC SERVICES REAL TERMS REDUCED INEQUALITY REDUCING POVERTY RURAL AREAS RURAL HOUSEHOLDS RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE RURAL RESIDENCE SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL DIMENSIONS SOCIAL SECTORS STATISTICAL OFFICE STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT TAXATION TERMS OF TRADE URBAN AREA URBAN AREAS URBAN HOUSEHOLDS URBAN POOR URBAN POVERTY POVERTY INCIDENCE HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS POVERTY DEPTH POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIES POLICY FRAMEWORK ABSOLUTE POVERTY INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMS MACROECONOMIC CONTEXT DROUGHT DAMAGE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ECONOMIC CONSTRAINTS HUMAN CAPITAL PHYSICAL CAPACITY HOUSEHOLD WELFARE INDICATORS STRUCTURAL REFORMS LABOR MARKET NEXUS ECONOMIC GROWTH Alwang, Jeffrey Mills, Bradford F. Taruvinga, Nelson Why Has Poverty Increased in Zimbabwe? |
| description |
Poverty in Zimbabwe increased
significantly during the 1990s, and it increased in all
sectors of the economy. In the middle of the decade, more
than 60 percent of Zimbabwean households fell below the
national poverty line. There are competing reasons for this:
some say it was the result of the government instituting the
Economic Structural Adjustment Program (ESAP), and others
say that ESAP's effectiveness was hampered by recurring
drought. This document sheds light on the sources of the
increase in Zimbabwean poverty, with the use of
non-parametric, and parametric statistical methods. These
techniques support the conclusion that the drought, though
harmful, does not entirely explain the increase in poverty.
The deteriorating economic environment, reducing the returns
to both human, and physical assets, also had profound
effects on household well-being. What are the prospects for
improvement in the near future? Only serious structural
changes to the economy can create labor market conditions,
conducive to long-term, broad-based growth. |
| topic_facet |
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION CLIMATE CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES COST RECOVERY DEBT DENSITY FUNCTION DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS DOMESTIC MARKETS ECONOMIC CHANGE ECONOMIC DECLINE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC POLICY EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT STATUS EQUIVALENT CONSUMPTION EXCHANGE RATE EXERCISES EXPENDITURE SURVEY EXTREME POVERTY FAMILIES FARMS FOOD NEEDS FOREIGN EXCHANGE FUNCTIONAL FORM GINI COEFFICIENT GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES HEALTH MINISTRIES HEALTH SERVICES HEALTH SURVEYS HIGH POVERTY HOUSEHOLD ASSETS HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD HEAD HOUSEHOLD WELFARE HOUSING HUMAN CAPITAL IMMUNIZATION IMPORTS INCOME INCREASED SPENDING INDEXES INFLATION INFORMAL SECTOR INFORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT INTEREST RATES INTERNATIONAL TRADE INVESTMENT CLIMATE LABOR MARKET LAND USE LEGISLATION MACROECONOMIC CONDITIONS MARKETING MIGRATION NATIONAL POVERTY NATIONAL POVERTY LINE POLICY REFORMS POOR HOUSEHOLDS POVERTY CHANGES POVERTY DYNAMICS POVERTY INCREASE POVERTY LEVELS POVERTY LINE POVERTY OUTCOMES POVERTY PROFILE POVERTY REDUCTION POVERTY STATUS POVERTY TRENDS PRIMARY CARE PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIVATE SECTOR PRO-POOR PROBABILITY PRODUCTIVITY PROPERTY RIGHTS PUBLIC INVESTMENT PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SERVICE PUBLIC SERVICES REAL TERMS REDUCED INEQUALITY REDUCING POVERTY RURAL AREAS RURAL HOUSEHOLDS RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE RURAL RESIDENCE SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL DIMENSIONS SOCIAL SECTORS STATISTICAL OFFICE STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT TAXATION TERMS OF TRADE URBAN AREA URBAN AREAS URBAN HOUSEHOLDS URBAN POOR URBAN POVERTY POVERTY INCIDENCE HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS POVERTY DEPTH POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIES POLICY FRAMEWORK ABSOLUTE POVERTY INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMS MACROECONOMIC CONTEXT DROUGHT DAMAGE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ECONOMIC CONSTRAINTS HUMAN CAPITAL PHYSICAL CAPACITY HOUSEHOLD WELFARE INDICATORS STRUCTURAL REFORMS LABOR MARKET NEXUS ECONOMIC GROWTH |
| author |
Alwang, Jeffrey Mills, Bradford F. Taruvinga, Nelson |
| author_facet |
Alwang, Jeffrey Mills, Bradford F. Taruvinga, Nelson |
| author_sort |
Alwang, Jeffrey |
| title |
Why Has Poverty Increased in Zimbabwe? |
| title_short |
Why Has Poverty Increased in Zimbabwe? |
| title_full |
Why Has Poverty Increased in Zimbabwe? |
| title_fullStr |
Why Has Poverty Increased in Zimbabwe? |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Why Has Poverty Increased in Zimbabwe? |
| title_sort |
why has poverty increased in zimbabwe? |
| publisher |
Washington, DC: World Bank |
| publishDate |
2002-03 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2002/03/1768223/poverty-increased-zimbabwe https://hdl.handle.net/10986/14060 |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT alwangjeffrey whyhaspovertyincreasedinzimbabwe AT millsbradfordf whyhaspovertyincreasedinzimbabwe AT taruvinganelson whyhaspovertyincreasedinzimbabwe |
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