Orderly Sovereign Debt Restructuring : Missing in Action!

This paper takes a hard look at the experience with official intervention in sovereign debt crises, focusing on debt crises of the 1980s, Russia in 1998, Argentina in 2001, and Greece in 2010. Based on the track record, the authors argue that in situations where countries face a solvency problem, official intervention is more likely to succeed if official money is lent at the risk-free rate reflecting its seniority and private creditors receive an upfront haircut. Such an approach would limit the costs associated with procrastination and increase the chances of success by enabling a more realistic fiscal program to restore solvency. They examine the moral hazard implications for debtor countries of this proposal and find that these are unlikely to be severe. In fact, after their crises of 1997-2001, emerging market countries embarked on an aggressive and comprehensive program of self-insurance, indicating that they are weary of debt crises and their costs. However, the prospect of an upfront haircut for private creditors in the event of insolvency is likely to make them more diligent in their sovereign lending decisions.

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Pinto, Brian, Canuto, Otaviano, Prasad, Mona
Language:English
Published: World Bank, Washington, DC 2012-05
Subjects:ACCOUNTING, ADJUSTMENT LOANS, ARBITRAGE, ASSET CLASS, ASSET PRICES, BAILOUT, BAILOUTS, BALANCE SHEETS, BANK LOANS, BANK POLICY, BANKING SECTOR, BANKING SYSTEM, BANKRUPTCIES, BANKRUPTCY, BANKRUPTCY MECHANISM, BANKRUPTCY PROCEDURE, BANKRUPTCY PROCESS, BASIS POINTS, BLACK MARKET, BLACK MARKETS, BOND, BOND HOLDERS, BOND ISSUE, BOND ISSUES, BOND SPREADS, BONDHOLDERS, BONDS, BORROWING COST, BORROWING COSTS, BUDGET CONSTRAINT, BUDGET CONSTRAINTS, BUDGET SURPLUSES, CAPITAL ACCOUNTS, CAPITAL ADEQUACY, CAPITAL MOBILITY, CATALYTIC FINANCE, CENTRAL BANK, CENTRAL BANKS, CODE OF CONDUCT, COLLECTIVE ACTION, COLLECTIVE ACTION CLAUSES, COLLECTIVE ACTION PROBLEM, COMMERCIAL BANK, COMMERCIAL BANK LOANS, COMMERCIAL BANKS, CONTINGENT LIABILITIES, CORPORATE TAX RATE, COUNTRY DEBT, CREDIBILITY, CREDIT STANDING, CREDITOR, CREDITOR COORDINATION, CREDITWORTHINESS, CURRENCY, CURRENCY BOARD, CURRENCY CRISES, CURRENCY CRISIS, CURRENCY MISMATCHES, CURRENT ACCOUNT SURPLUSES, DEBT BURDEN, DEBT CRISES, DEBT CRISIS, DEBT DEFAULT, DEBT DEFAULTS, DEBT EXCHANGE, DEBT INSTRUMENTS, DEBT OBLIGATIONS, DEBT OUTSTANDING, DEBT OVERHANG, DEBT POLICY, DEBT PROBLEM, DEBT PROBLEMS, DEBT REDUCTION, DEBT RELIEF, DEBT SERVICE, DEBT SERVICE PAYMENTS, DEBT SWAP, DEBT SWAPS, DEBTOR, DEBTOR COUNTRIES, DEBTOR COUNTRY, DEBTORS, DEFAULT RISK, DEPOSIT, DEVALUATION, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPING COUNTRY, DOLLAR DEBT, DOMESTIC BANKS, ECONOMIC POLICIES, EMERGING MARKET, EMERGING MARKET COUNTRIES, EMERGING MARKETS, EUROBOND, EVENT OF INSOLVENCY, EXCHANGE RATE, EXTERNAL BORROWING, EXTERNAL DEBT, EXTERNAL DEBTS, FACE VALUE, FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE, FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, FINANCIAL MARKETS, FINANCIAL STABILITY, FINANCIAL SUPPORT, FINANCIAL SYSTEM, FISCAL DEFICIT, FISCAL DEFICITS, FIXED EXCHANGE RATE, FIXED EXCHANGE RATES, FIXED INCOME, FLEXIBLE EXCHANGE RATES, FLOATING RATE, FLOATING RATE DEBTS, FOREIGN BANKS, FOREIGN EXCHANGE, FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVE, FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES, FREE RIDER PROBLEMS, GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT FINANCE, GLOBAL FINANCIAL STABILITY, GLOBALIZATION, GOVERNMENT BONDS, GOVERNMENT DEBT, HEDGE FUND, HOLDING, HOLDINGS, HOME CURRENCIES, INDEBTED, INDEBTED POOR COUNTRIES, INDIVIDUAL CREDITORS, INFLATION, INSOLVENCY SITUATION, INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT, INSURANCE, INSURANCE CORPORATION, INTEREST BURDEN, INTEREST DIFFERENTIAL, INTEREST PAYMENTS, INTEREST RATE, INTEREST RATES, INTERNATIONAL BANK, INTERNATIONAL BANKRUPTCY, INTERNATIONAL BOND, INTERNATIONAL BOND MARKETS, INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL, INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL MARKETS, INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS, INTERNATIONAL LAW, INVESTMENT BANKS, LEGAL IMPEDIMENTS, LENDER, LENDER OF LAST RESORT, LENDING DECISIONS, LEVY, LIQUIDITY, LIQUIDITY PROBLEM, LOAN, LOCAL CURRENCY, LONG BOND, LONG TERM CAPITAL, MACROECONOMIC CRISES, MACROECONOMIC INSTABILITY, MACROECONOMIC UNCERTAINTY, MACROECONOMIC VOLATILITY, MARKET ACCESS, MARKET INDEX, MARKET VALUE, MATURITY, MONETARY FINANCING, MONETARY FUND, MORAL HAZARD, PAYMENT TERMS, POLITICAL ECONOMY, POLITICAL RISK, PORTFOLIOS, PRIVATE CAPITAL, PRIVATE CREDITORS, PRIVATE DEBT, PRIVATE DEBTS, PRIVATE INVESTMENT, PRIVATE INVESTORS, PRIVATE LENDERS, PRIVATE LOANS, PRIVATE] INVESTORS, PRIVATIZATION, PROBABILITY OF DEFAULT, PUBLIC DEBT, PUBLIC FINANCES, PUBLIC INVESTMENTS, PUBLIC SECTOR DEBT, REAL EXCHANGE RATES, REMAINING DEBT, RENEGOTIATION, RENEGOTIATIONS, RESERVES, RETURN, RISK-FREE RATE, RISKY ASSET, SECONDARY MARKET, SECONDARY MARKET PRICES, SOLVENCY, SOLVENCY PROBLEM, SOVEREIGN BONDS, SOVEREIGN DEBT, SOVEREIGN DEBT MARKETS, SOVEREIGN DEBT RESTRUCTURING, SOVEREIGN DEBT RESTRUCTURING MECHANISM, SOVEREIGN DEFAULTS, SOVEREIGN LENDING, SOVEREIGN RISK, SOVEREIGN YIELD, SWAP, SWAPS, T-BILL, T-BILLS, TAX, TAX COLLECTIONS, TOTAL DEBT, TRADING, TRANCHES, TRANSACTIONS COSTS, TREASURY, TREASURY BILLS, WAGES,
Online Access:http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/05/16251472/orderly-sovereign-debt-restructuring-missing-action
https://hdl.handle.net/10986/9363
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institution Banco Mundial
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countrycode US
component Bibliográfico
access En linea
databasecode dig-okr
tag biblioteca
region America del Norte
libraryname Biblioteca del Banco Mundial
language English
topic ACCOUNTING
ADJUSTMENT LOANS
ARBITRAGE
ASSET CLASS
ASSET PRICES
BAILOUT
BAILOUTS
BALANCE SHEETS
BANK LOANS
BANK POLICY
BANKING SECTOR
BANKING SYSTEM
BANKRUPTCIES
BANKRUPTCY
BANKRUPTCY MECHANISM
BANKRUPTCY PROCEDURE
BANKRUPTCY PROCESS
BASIS POINTS
BLACK MARKET
BLACK MARKETS
BOND
BOND HOLDERS
BOND ISSUE
BOND ISSUES
BOND SPREADS
BONDHOLDERS
BONDS
BORROWING COST
BORROWING COSTS
BUDGET CONSTRAINT
BUDGET CONSTRAINTS
BUDGET SURPLUSES
CAPITAL ACCOUNTS
CAPITAL ADEQUACY
CAPITAL MOBILITY
CATALYTIC FINANCE
CENTRAL BANK
CENTRAL BANKS
CODE OF CONDUCT
COLLECTIVE ACTION
COLLECTIVE ACTION CLAUSES
COLLECTIVE ACTION PROBLEM
COMMERCIAL BANK
COMMERCIAL BANK LOANS
COMMERCIAL BANKS
CONTINGENT LIABILITIES
CORPORATE TAX RATE
COUNTRY DEBT
CREDIBILITY
CREDIT STANDING
CREDITOR
CREDITOR COORDINATION
CREDITWORTHINESS
CURRENCY
CURRENCY BOARD
CURRENCY CRISES
CURRENCY CRISIS
CURRENCY MISMATCHES
CURRENT ACCOUNT SURPLUSES
DEBT BURDEN
DEBT CRISES
DEBT CRISIS
DEBT DEFAULT
DEBT DEFAULTS
DEBT EXCHANGE
DEBT INSTRUMENTS
DEBT OBLIGATIONS
DEBT OUTSTANDING
DEBT OVERHANG
DEBT POLICY
DEBT PROBLEM
DEBT PROBLEMS
DEBT REDUCTION
DEBT RELIEF
DEBT SERVICE
DEBT SERVICE PAYMENTS
DEBT SWAP
DEBT SWAPS
DEBTOR
DEBTOR COUNTRIES
DEBTOR COUNTRY
DEBTORS
DEFAULT RISK
DEPOSIT
DEVALUATION
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
DEVELOPING COUNTRY
DOLLAR DEBT
DOMESTIC BANKS
ECONOMIC POLICIES
EMERGING MARKET
EMERGING MARKET COUNTRIES
EMERGING MARKETS
EUROBOND
EVENT OF INSOLVENCY
EXCHANGE RATE
EXTERNAL BORROWING
EXTERNAL DEBT
EXTERNAL DEBTS
FACE VALUE
FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
FINANCIAL MARKETS
FINANCIAL STABILITY
FINANCIAL SUPPORT
FINANCIAL SYSTEM
FISCAL DEFICIT
FISCAL DEFICITS
FIXED EXCHANGE RATE
FIXED EXCHANGE RATES
FIXED INCOME
FLEXIBLE EXCHANGE RATES
FLOATING RATE
FLOATING RATE DEBTS
FOREIGN BANKS
FOREIGN EXCHANGE
FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVE
FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES
FREE RIDER PROBLEMS
GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT FINANCE
GLOBAL FINANCIAL STABILITY
GLOBALIZATION
GOVERNMENT BONDS
GOVERNMENT DEBT
HEDGE FUND
HOLDING
HOLDINGS
HOME CURRENCIES
INDEBTED
INDEBTED POOR COUNTRIES
INDIVIDUAL CREDITORS
INFLATION
INSOLVENCY SITUATION
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT
INSURANCE
INSURANCE CORPORATION
INTEREST BURDEN
INTEREST DIFFERENTIAL
INTEREST PAYMENTS
INTEREST RATE
INTEREST RATES
INTERNATIONAL BANK
INTERNATIONAL BANKRUPTCY
INTERNATIONAL BOND
INTERNATIONAL BOND MARKETS
INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL
INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL MARKETS
INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS
INTERNATIONAL LAW
INVESTMENT BANKS
LEGAL IMPEDIMENTS
LENDER
LENDER OF LAST RESORT
LENDING DECISIONS
LEVY
LIQUIDITY
LIQUIDITY PROBLEM
LOAN
LOCAL CURRENCY
LONG BOND
LONG TERM CAPITAL
MACROECONOMIC CRISES
MACROECONOMIC INSTABILITY
MACROECONOMIC UNCERTAINTY
MACROECONOMIC VOLATILITY
MARKET ACCESS
MARKET INDEX
MARKET VALUE
MATURITY
MONETARY FINANCING
MONETARY FUND
MORAL HAZARD
PAYMENT TERMS
POLITICAL ECONOMY
POLITICAL RISK
PORTFOLIOS
PRIVATE CAPITAL
PRIVATE CREDITORS
PRIVATE DEBT
PRIVATE DEBTS
PRIVATE INVESTMENT
PRIVATE INVESTORS
PRIVATE LENDERS
PRIVATE LOANS
PRIVATE] INVESTORS
PRIVATIZATION
PROBABILITY OF DEFAULT
PUBLIC DEBT
PUBLIC FINANCES
PUBLIC INVESTMENTS
PUBLIC SECTOR DEBT
REAL EXCHANGE RATES
REMAINING DEBT
RENEGOTIATION
RENEGOTIATIONS
RESERVES
RETURN
RISK-FREE RATE
RISKY ASSET
SECONDARY MARKET
SECONDARY MARKET PRICES
SOLVENCY
SOLVENCY PROBLEM
SOVEREIGN BONDS
SOVEREIGN DEBT
SOVEREIGN DEBT MARKETS
SOVEREIGN DEBT RESTRUCTURING
SOVEREIGN DEBT RESTRUCTURING MECHANISM
SOVEREIGN DEFAULTS
SOVEREIGN LENDING
SOVEREIGN RISK
SOVEREIGN YIELD
SWAP
SWAPS
T-BILL
T-BILLS
TAX
TAX COLLECTIONS
TOTAL DEBT
TRADING
TRANCHES
TRANSACTIONS COSTS
TREASURY
TREASURY BILLS
WAGES
ACCOUNTING
ADJUSTMENT LOANS
ARBITRAGE
ASSET CLASS
ASSET PRICES
BAILOUT
BAILOUTS
BALANCE SHEETS
BANK LOANS
BANK POLICY
BANKING SECTOR
BANKING SYSTEM
BANKRUPTCIES
BANKRUPTCY
BANKRUPTCY MECHANISM
BANKRUPTCY PROCEDURE
BANKRUPTCY PROCESS
BASIS POINTS
BLACK MARKET
BLACK MARKETS
BOND
BOND HOLDERS
BOND ISSUE
BOND ISSUES
BOND SPREADS
BONDHOLDERS
BONDS
BORROWING COST
BORROWING COSTS
BUDGET CONSTRAINT
BUDGET CONSTRAINTS
BUDGET SURPLUSES
CAPITAL ACCOUNTS
CAPITAL ADEQUACY
CAPITAL MOBILITY
CATALYTIC FINANCE
CENTRAL BANK
CENTRAL BANKS
CODE OF CONDUCT
COLLECTIVE ACTION
COLLECTIVE ACTION CLAUSES
COLLECTIVE ACTION PROBLEM
COMMERCIAL BANK
COMMERCIAL BANK LOANS
COMMERCIAL BANKS
CONTINGENT LIABILITIES
CORPORATE TAX RATE
COUNTRY DEBT
CREDIBILITY
CREDIT STANDING
CREDITOR
CREDITOR COORDINATION
CREDITWORTHINESS
CURRENCY
CURRENCY BOARD
CURRENCY CRISES
CURRENCY CRISIS
CURRENCY MISMATCHES
CURRENT ACCOUNT SURPLUSES
DEBT BURDEN
DEBT CRISES
DEBT CRISIS
DEBT DEFAULT
DEBT DEFAULTS
DEBT EXCHANGE
DEBT INSTRUMENTS
DEBT OBLIGATIONS
DEBT OUTSTANDING
DEBT OVERHANG
DEBT POLICY
DEBT PROBLEM
DEBT PROBLEMS
DEBT REDUCTION
DEBT RELIEF
DEBT SERVICE
DEBT SERVICE PAYMENTS
DEBT SWAP
DEBT SWAPS
DEBTOR
DEBTOR COUNTRIES
DEBTOR COUNTRY
DEBTORS
DEFAULT RISK
DEPOSIT
DEVALUATION
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
DEVELOPING COUNTRY
DOLLAR DEBT
DOMESTIC BANKS
ECONOMIC POLICIES
EMERGING MARKET
EMERGING MARKET COUNTRIES
EMERGING MARKETS
EUROBOND
EVENT OF INSOLVENCY
EXCHANGE RATE
EXTERNAL BORROWING
EXTERNAL DEBT
EXTERNAL DEBTS
FACE VALUE
FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
FINANCIAL MARKETS
FINANCIAL STABILITY
FINANCIAL SUPPORT
FINANCIAL SYSTEM
FISCAL DEFICIT
FISCAL DEFICITS
FIXED EXCHANGE RATE
FIXED EXCHANGE RATES
FIXED INCOME
FLEXIBLE EXCHANGE RATES
FLOATING RATE
FLOATING RATE DEBTS
FOREIGN BANKS
FOREIGN EXCHANGE
FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVE
FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES
FREE RIDER PROBLEMS
GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT FINANCE
GLOBAL FINANCIAL STABILITY
GLOBALIZATION
GOVERNMENT BONDS
GOVERNMENT DEBT
HEDGE FUND
HOLDING
HOLDINGS
HOME CURRENCIES
INDEBTED
INDEBTED POOR COUNTRIES
INDIVIDUAL CREDITORS
INFLATION
INSOLVENCY SITUATION
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT
INSURANCE
INSURANCE CORPORATION
INTEREST BURDEN
INTEREST DIFFERENTIAL
INTEREST PAYMENTS
INTEREST RATE
INTEREST RATES
INTERNATIONAL BANK
INTERNATIONAL BANKRUPTCY
INTERNATIONAL BOND
INTERNATIONAL BOND MARKETS
INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL
INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL MARKETS
INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS
INTERNATIONAL LAW
INVESTMENT BANKS
LEGAL IMPEDIMENTS
LENDER
LENDER OF LAST RESORT
LENDING DECISIONS
LEVY
LIQUIDITY
LIQUIDITY PROBLEM
LOAN
LOCAL CURRENCY
LONG BOND
LONG TERM CAPITAL
MACROECONOMIC CRISES
MACROECONOMIC INSTABILITY
MACROECONOMIC UNCERTAINTY
MACROECONOMIC VOLATILITY
MARKET ACCESS
MARKET INDEX
MARKET VALUE
MATURITY
MONETARY FINANCING
MONETARY FUND
MORAL HAZARD
PAYMENT TERMS
POLITICAL ECONOMY
POLITICAL RISK
PORTFOLIOS
PRIVATE CAPITAL
PRIVATE CREDITORS
PRIVATE DEBT
PRIVATE DEBTS
PRIVATE INVESTMENT
PRIVATE INVESTORS
PRIVATE LENDERS
PRIVATE LOANS
PRIVATE] INVESTORS
PRIVATIZATION
PROBABILITY OF DEFAULT
PUBLIC DEBT
PUBLIC FINANCES
PUBLIC INVESTMENTS
PUBLIC SECTOR DEBT
REAL EXCHANGE RATES
REMAINING DEBT
RENEGOTIATION
RENEGOTIATIONS
RESERVES
RETURN
RISK-FREE RATE
RISKY ASSET
SECONDARY MARKET
SECONDARY MARKET PRICES
SOLVENCY
SOLVENCY PROBLEM
SOVEREIGN BONDS
SOVEREIGN DEBT
SOVEREIGN DEBT MARKETS
SOVEREIGN DEBT RESTRUCTURING
SOVEREIGN DEBT RESTRUCTURING MECHANISM
SOVEREIGN DEFAULTS
SOVEREIGN LENDING
SOVEREIGN RISK
SOVEREIGN YIELD
SWAP
SWAPS
T-BILL
T-BILLS
TAX
TAX COLLECTIONS
TOTAL DEBT
TRADING
TRANCHES
TRANSACTIONS COSTS
TREASURY
TREASURY BILLS
WAGES
spellingShingle ACCOUNTING
ADJUSTMENT LOANS
ARBITRAGE
ASSET CLASS
ASSET PRICES
BAILOUT
BAILOUTS
BALANCE SHEETS
BANK LOANS
BANK POLICY
BANKING SECTOR
BANKING SYSTEM
BANKRUPTCIES
BANKRUPTCY
BANKRUPTCY MECHANISM
BANKRUPTCY PROCEDURE
BANKRUPTCY PROCESS
BASIS POINTS
BLACK MARKET
BLACK MARKETS
BOND
BOND HOLDERS
BOND ISSUE
BOND ISSUES
BOND SPREADS
BONDHOLDERS
BONDS
BORROWING COST
BORROWING COSTS
BUDGET CONSTRAINT
BUDGET CONSTRAINTS
BUDGET SURPLUSES
CAPITAL ACCOUNTS
CAPITAL ADEQUACY
CAPITAL MOBILITY
CATALYTIC FINANCE
CENTRAL BANK
CENTRAL BANKS
CODE OF CONDUCT
COLLECTIVE ACTION
COLLECTIVE ACTION CLAUSES
COLLECTIVE ACTION PROBLEM
COMMERCIAL BANK
COMMERCIAL BANK LOANS
COMMERCIAL BANKS
CONTINGENT LIABILITIES
CORPORATE TAX RATE
COUNTRY DEBT
CREDIBILITY
CREDIT STANDING
CREDITOR
CREDITOR COORDINATION
CREDITWORTHINESS
CURRENCY
CURRENCY BOARD
CURRENCY CRISES
CURRENCY CRISIS
CURRENCY MISMATCHES
CURRENT ACCOUNT SURPLUSES
DEBT BURDEN
DEBT CRISES
DEBT CRISIS
DEBT DEFAULT
DEBT DEFAULTS
DEBT EXCHANGE
DEBT INSTRUMENTS
DEBT OBLIGATIONS
DEBT OUTSTANDING
DEBT OVERHANG
DEBT POLICY
DEBT PROBLEM
DEBT PROBLEMS
DEBT REDUCTION
DEBT RELIEF
DEBT SERVICE
DEBT SERVICE PAYMENTS
DEBT SWAP
DEBT SWAPS
DEBTOR
DEBTOR COUNTRIES
DEBTOR COUNTRY
DEBTORS
DEFAULT RISK
DEPOSIT
DEVALUATION
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
DEVELOPING COUNTRY
DOLLAR DEBT
DOMESTIC BANKS
ECONOMIC POLICIES
EMERGING MARKET
EMERGING MARKET COUNTRIES
EMERGING MARKETS
EUROBOND
EVENT OF INSOLVENCY
EXCHANGE RATE
EXTERNAL BORROWING
EXTERNAL DEBT
EXTERNAL DEBTS
FACE VALUE
FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
FINANCIAL MARKETS
FINANCIAL STABILITY
FINANCIAL SUPPORT
FINANCIAL SYSTEM
FISCAL DEFICIT
FISCAL DEFICITS
FIXED EXCHANGE RATE
FIXED EXCHANGE RATES
FIXED INCOME
FLEXIBLE EXCHANGE RATES
FLOATING RATE
FLOATING RATE DEBTS
FOREIGN BANKS
FOREIGN EXCHANGE
FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVE
FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES
FREE RIDER PROBLEMS
GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT FINANCE
GLOBAL FINANCIAL STABILITY
GLOBALIZATION
GOVERNMENT BONDS
GOVERNMENT DEBT
HEDGE FUND
HOLDING
HOLDINGS
HOME CURRENCIES
INDEBTED
INDEBTED POOR COUNTRIES
INDIVIDUAL CREDITORS
INFLATION
INSOLVENCY SITUATION
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT
INSURANCE
INSURANCE CORPORATION
INTEREST BURDEN
INTEREST DIFFERENTIAL
INTEREST PAYMENTS
INTEREST RATE
INTEREST RATES
INTERNATIONAL BANK
INTERNATIONAL BANKRUPTCY
INTERNATIONAL BOND
INTERNATIONAL BOND MARKETS
INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL
INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL MARKETS
INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS
INTERNATIONAL LAW
INVESTMENT BANKS
LEGAL IMPEDIMENTS
LENDER
LENDER OF LAST RESORT
LENDING DECISIONS
LEVY
LIQUIDITY
LIQUIDITY PROBLEM
LOAN
LOCAL CURRENCY
LONG BOND
LONG TERM CAPITAL
MACROECONOMIC CRISES
MACROECONOMIC INSTABILITY
MACROECONOMIC UNCERTAINTY
MACROECONOMIC VOLATILITY
MARKET ACCESS
MARKET INDEX
MARKET VALUE
MATURITY
MONETARY FINANCING
MONETARY FUND
MORAL HAZARD
PAYMENT TERMS
POLITICAL ECONOMY
POLITICAL RISK
PORTFOLIOS
PRIVATE CAPITAL
PRIVATE CREDITORS
PRIVATE DEBT
PRIVATE DEBTS
PRIVATE INVESTMENT
PRIVATE INVESTORS
PRIVATE LENDERS
PRIVATE LOANS
PRIVATE] INVESTORS
PRIVATIZATION
PROBABILITY OF DEFAULT
PUBLIC DEBT
PUBLIC FINANCES
PUBLIC INVESTMENTS
PUBLIC SECTOR DEBT
REAL EXCHANGE RATES
REMAINING DEBT
RENEGOTIATION
RENEGOTIATIONS
RESERVES
RETURN
RISK-FREE RATE
RISKY ASSET
SECONDARY MARKET
SECONDARY MARKET PRICES
SOLVENCY
SOLVENCY PROBLEM
SOVEREIGN BONDS
SOVEREIGN DEBT
SOVEREIGN DEBT MARKETS
SOVEREIGN DEBT RESTRUCTURING
SOVEREIGN DEBT RESTRUCTURING MECHANISM
SOVEREIGN DEFAULTS
SOVEREIGN LENDING
SOVEREIGN RISK
SOVEREIGN YIELD
SWAP
SWAPS
T-BILL
T-BILLS
TAX
TAX COLLECTIONS
TOTAL DEBT
TRADING
TRANCHES
TRANSACTIONS COSTS
TREASURY
TREASURY BILLS
WAGES
ACCOUNTING
ADJUSTMENT LOANS
ARBITRAGE
ASSET CLASS
ASSET PRICES
BAILOUT
BAILOUTS
BALANCE SHEETS
BANK LOANS
BANK POLICY
BANKING SECTOR
BANKING SYSTEM
BANKRUPTCIES
BANKRUPTCY
BANKRUPTCY MECHANISM
BANKRUPTCY PROCEDURE
BANKRUPTCY PROCESS
BASIS POINTS
BLACK MARKET
BLACK MARKETS
BOND
BOND HOLDERS
BOND ISSUE
BOND ISSUES
BOND SPREADS
BONDHOLDERS
BONDS
BORROWING COST
BORROWING COSTS
BUDGET CONSTRAINT
BUDGET CONSTRAINTS
BUDGET SURPLUSES
CAPITAL ACCOUNTS
CAPITAL ADEQUACY
CAPITAL MOBILITY
CATALYTIC FINANCE
CENTRAL BANK
CENTRAL BANKS
CODE OF CONDUCT
COLLECTIVE ACTION
COLLECTIVE ACTION CLAUSES
COLLECTIVE ACTION PROBLEM
COMMERCIAL BANK
COMMERCIAL BANK LOANS
COMMERCIAL BANKS
CONTINGENT LIABILITIES
CORPORATE TAX RATE
COUNTRY DEBT
CREDIBILITY
CREDIT STANDING
CREDITOR
CREDITOR COORDINATION
CREDITWORTHINESS
CURRENCY
CURRENCY BOARD
CURRENCY CRISES
CURRENCY CRISIS
CURRENCY MISMATCHES
CURRENT ACCOUNT SURPLUSES
DEBT BURDEN
DEBT CRISES
DEBT CRISIS
DEBT DEFAULT
DEBT DEFAULTS
DEBT EXCHANGE
DEBT INSTRUMENTS
DEBT OBLIGATIONS
DEBT OUTSTANDING
DEBT OVERHANG
DEBT POLICY
DEBT PROBLEM
DEBT PROBLEMS
DEBT REDUCTION
DEBT RELIEF
DEBT SERVICE
DEBT SERVICE PAYMENTS
DEBT SWAP
DEBT SWAPS
DEBTOR
DEBTOR COUNTRIES
DEBTOR COUNTRY
DEBTORS
DEFAULT RISK
DEPOSIT
DEVALUATION
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
DEVELOPING COUNTRY
DOLLAR DEBT
DOMESTIC BANKS
ECONOMIC POLICIES
EMERGING MARKET
EMERGING MARKET COUNTRIES
EMERGING MARKETS
EUROBOND
EVENT OF INSOLVENCY
EXCHANGE RATE
EXTERNAL BORROWING
EXTERNAL DEBT
EXTERNAL DEBTS
FACE VALUE
FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
FINANCIAL MARKETS
FINANCIAL STABILITY
FINANCIAL SUPPORT
FINANCIAL SYSTEM
FISCAL DEFICIT
FISCAL DEFICITS
FIXED EXCHANGE RATE
FIXED EXCHANGE RATES
FIXED INCOME
FLEXIBLE EXCHANGE RATES
FLOATING RATE
FLOATING RATE DEBTS
FOREIGN BANKS
FOREIGN EXCHANGE
FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVE
FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES
FREE RIDER PROBLEMS
GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT FINANCE
GLOBAL FINANCIAL STABILITY
GLOBALIZATION
GOVERNMENT BONDS
GOVERNMENT DEBT
HEDGE FUND
HOLDING
HOLDINGS
HOME CURRENCIES
INDEBTED
INDEBTED POOR COUNTRIES
INDIVIDUAL CREDITORS
INFLATION
INSOLVENCY SITUATION
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT
INSURANCE
INSURANCE CORPORATION
INTEREST BURDEN
INTEREST DIFFERENTIAL
INTEREST PAYMENTS
INTEREST RATE
INTEREST RATES
INTERNATIONAL BANK
INTERNATIONAL BANKRUPTCY
INTERNATIONAL BOND
INTERNATIONAL BOND MARKETS
INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL
INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL MARKETS
INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS
INTERNATIONAL LAW
INVESTMENT BANKS
LEGAL IMPEDIMENTS
LENDER
LENDER OF LAST RESORT
LENDING DECISIONS
LEVY
LIQUIDITY
LIQUIDITY PROBLEM
LOAN
LOCAL CURRENCY
LONG BOND
LONG TERM CAPITAL
MACROECONOMIC CRISES
MACROECONOMIC INSTABILITY
MACROECONOMIC UNCERTAINTY
MACROECONOMIC VOLATILITY
MARKET ACCESS
MARKET INDEX
MARKET VALUE
MATURITY
MONETARY FINANCING
MONETARY FUND
MORAL HAZARD
PAYMENT TERMS
POLITICAL ECONOMY
POLITICAL RISK
PORTFOLIOS
PRIVATE CAPITAL
PRIVATE CREDITORS
PRIVATE DEBT
PRIVATE DEBTS
PRIVATE INVESTMENT
PRIVATE INVESTORS
PRIVATE LENDERS
PRIVATE LOANS
PRIVATE] INVESTORS
PRIVATIZATION
PROBABILITY OF DEFAULT
PUBLIC DEBT
PUBLIC FINANCES
PUBLIC INVESTMENTS
PUBLIC SECTOR DEBT
REAL EXCHANGE RATES
REMAINING DEBT
RENEGOTIATION
RENEGOTIATIONS
RESERVES
RETURN
RISK-FREE RATE
RISKY ASSET
SECONDARY MARKET
SECONDARY MARKET PRICES
SOLVENCY
SOLVENCY PROBLEM
SOVEREIGN BONDS
SOVEREIGN DEBT
SOVEREIGN DEBT MARKETS
SOVEREIGN DEBT RESTRUCTURING
SOVEREIGN DEBT RESTRUCTURING MECHANISM
SOVEREIGN DEFAULTS
SOVEREIGN LENDING
SOVEREIGN RISK
SOVEREIGN YIELD
SWAP
SWAPS
T-BILL
T-BILLS
TAX
TAX COLLECTIONS
TOTAL DEBT
TRADING
TRANCHES
TRANSACTIONS COSTS
TREASURY
TREASURY BILLS
WAGES
Pinto, Brian
Canuto, Otaviano
Prasad, Mona
Orderly Sovereign Debt Restructuring : Missing in Action!
description This paper takes a hard look at the experience with official intervention in sovereign debt crises, focusing on debt crises of the 1980s, Russia in 1998, Argentina in 2001, and Greece in 2010. Based on the track record, the authors argue that in situations where countries face a solvency problem, official intervention is more likely to succeed if official money is lent at the risk-free rate reflecting its seniority and private creditors receive an upfront haircut. Such an approach would limit the costs associated with procrastination and increase the chances of success by enabling a more realistic fiscal program to restore solvency. They examine the moral hazard implications for debtor countries of this proposal and find that these are unlikely to be severe. In fact, after their crises of 1997-2001, emerging market countries embarked on an aggressive and comprehensive program of self-insurance, indicating that they are weary of debt crises and their costs. However, the prospect of an upfront haircut for private creditors in the event of insolvency is likely to make them more diligent in their sovereign lending decisions.
topic_facet ACCOUNTING
ADJUSTMENT LOANS
ARBITRAGE
ASSET CLASS
ASSET PRICES
BAILOUT
BAILOUTS
BALANCE SHEETS
BANK LOANS
BANK POLICY
BANKING SECTOR
BANKING SYSTEM
BANKRUPTCIES
BANKRUPTCY
BANKRUPTCY MECHANISM
BANKRUPTCY PROCEDURE
BANKRUPTCY PROCESS
BASIS POINTS
BLACK MARKET
BLACK MARKETS
BOND
BOND HOLDERS
BOND ISSUE
BOND ISSUES
BOND SPREADS
BONDHOLDERS
BONDS
BORROWING COST
BORROWING COSTS
BUDGET CONSTRAINT
BUDGET CONSTRAINTS
BUDGET SURPLUSES
CAPITAL ACCOUNTS
CAPITAL ADEQUACY
CAPITAL MOBILITY
CATALYTIC FINANCE
CENTRAL BANK
CENTRAL BANKS
CODE OF CONDUCT
COLLECTIVE ACTION
COLLECTIVE ACTION CLAUSES
COLLECTIVE ACTION PROBLEM
COMMERCIAL BANK
COMMERCIAL BANK LOANS
COMMERCIAL BANKS
CONTINGENT LIABILITIES
CORPORATE TAX RATE
COUNTRY DEBT
CREDIBILITY
CREDIT STANDING
CREDITOR
CREDITOR COORDINATION
CREDITWORTHINESS
CURRENCY
CURRENCY BOARD
CURRENCY CRISES
CURRENCY CRISIS
CURRENCY MISMATCHES
CURRENT ACCOUNT SURPLUSES
DEBT BURDEN
DEBT CRISES
DEBT CRISIS
DEBT DEFAULT
DEBT DEFAULTS
DEBT EXCHANGE
DEBT INSTRUMENTS
DEBT OBLIGATIONS
DEBT OUTSTANDING
DEBT OVERHANG
DEBT POLICY
DEBT PROBLEM
DEBT PROBLEMS
DEBT REDUCTION
DEBT RELIEF
DEBT SERVICE
DEBT SERVICE PAYMENTS
DEBT SWAP
DEBT SWAPS
DEBTOR
DEBTOR COUNTRIES
DEBTOR COUNTRY
DEBTORS
DEFAULT RISK
DEPOSIT
DEVALUATION
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
DEVELOPING COUNTRY
DOLLAR DEBT
DOMESTIC BANKS
ECONOMIC POLICIES
EMERGING MARKET
EMERGING MARKET COUNTRIES
EMERGING MARKETS
EUROBOND
EVENT OF INSOLVENCY
EXCHANGE RATE
EXTERNAL BORROWING
EXTERNAL DEBT
EXTERNAL DEBTS
FACE VALUE
FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
FINANCIAL MARKETS
FINANCIAL STABILITY
FINANCIAL SUPPORT
FINANCIAL SYSTEM
FISCAL DEFICIT
FISCAL DEFICITS
FIXED EXCHANGE RATE
FIXED EXCHANGE RATES
FIXED INCOME
FLEXIBLE EXCHANGE RATES
FLOATING RATE
FLOATING RATE DEBTS
FOREIGN BANKS
FOREIGN EXCHANGE
FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVE
FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES
FREE RIDER PROBLEMS
GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT FINANCE
GLOBAL FINANCIAL STABILITY
GLOBALIZATION
GOVERNMENT BONDS
GOVERNMENT DEBT
HEDGE FUND
HOLDING
HOLDINGS
HOME CURRENCIES
INDEBTED
INDEBTED POOR COUNTRIES
INDIVIDUAL CREDITORS
INFLATION
INSOLVENCY SITUATION
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT
INSURANCE
INSURANCE CORPORATION
INTEREST BURDEN
INTEREST DIFFERENTIAL
INTEREST PAYMENTS
INTEREST RATE
INTEREST RATES
INTERNATIONAL BANK
INTERNATIONAL BANKRUPTCY
INTERNATIONAL BOND
INTERNATIONAL BOND MARKETS
INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL
INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL MARKETS
INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS
INTERNATIONAL LAW
INVESTMENT BANKS
LEGAL IMPEDIMENTS
LENDER
LENDER OF LAST RESORT
LENDING DECISIONS
LEVY
LIQUIDITY
LIQUIDITY PROBLEM
LOAN
LOCAL CURRENCY
LONG BOND
LONG TERM CAPITAL
MACROECONOMIC CRISES
MACROECONOMIC INSTABILITY
MACROECONOMIC UNCERTAINTY
MACROECONOMIC VOLATILITY
MARKET ACCESS
MARKET INDEX
MARKET VALUE
MATURITY
MONETARY FINANCING
MONETARY FUND
MORAL HAZARD
PAYMENT TERMS
POLITICAL ECONOMY
POLITICAL RISK
PORTFOLIOS
PRIVATE CAPITAL
PRIVATE CREDITORS
PRIVATE DEBT
PRIVATE DEBTS
PRIVATE INVESTMENT
PRIVATE INVESTORS
PRIVATE LENDERS
PRIVATE LOANS
PRIVATE] INVESTORS
PRIVATIZATION
PROBABILITY OF DEFAULT
PUBLIC DEBT
PUBLIC FINANCES
PUBLIC INVESTMENTS
PUBLIC SECTOR DEBT
REAL EXCHANGE RATES
REMAINING DEBT
RENEGOTIATION
RENEGOTIATIONS
RESERVES
RETURN
RISK-FREE RATE
RISKY ASSET
SECONDARY MARKET
SECONDARY MARKET PRICES
SOLVENCY
SOLVENCY PROBLEM
SOVEREIGN BONDS
SOVEREIGN DEBT
SOVEREIGN DEBT MARKETS
SOVEREIGN DEBT RESTRUCTURING
SOVEREIGN DEBT RESTRUCTURING MECHANISM
SOVEREIGN DEFAULTS
SOVEREIGN LENDING
SOVEREIGN RISK
SOVEREIGN YIELD
SWAP
SWAPS
T-BILL
T-BILLS
TAX
TAX COLLECTIONS
TOTAL DEBT
TRADING
TRANCHES
TRANSACTIONS COSTS
TREASURY
TREASURY BILLS
WAGES
author Pinto, Brian
Canuto, Otaviano
Prasad, Mona
author_facet Pinto, Brian
Canuto, Otaviano
Prasad, Mona
author_sort Pinto, Brian
title Orderly Sovereign Debt Restructuring : Missing in Action!
title_short Orderly Sovereign Debt Restructuring : Missing in Action!
title_full Orderly Sovereign Debt Restructuring : Missing in Action!
title_fullStr Orderly Sovereign Debt Restructuring : Missing in Action!
title_full_unstemmed Orderly Sovereign Debt Restructuring : Missing in Action!
title_sort orderly sovereign debt restructuring : missing in action!
publisher World Bank, Washington, DC
publishDate 2012-05
url http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/05/16251472/orderly-sovereign-debt-restructuring-missing-action
https://hdl.handle.net/10986/9363
work_keys_str_mv AT pintobrian orderlysovereigndebtrestructuringmissinginaction
AT canutootaviano orderlysovereigndebtrestructuringmissinginaction
AT prasadmona orderlysovereigndebtrestructuringmissinginaction
_version_ 1807159447777181696
spelling dig-okr-1098693632024-08-08T15:16:03Z Orderly Sovereign Debt Restructuring : Missing in Action! Pinto, Brian Canuto, Otaviano Prasad, Mona ACCOUNTING ADJUSTMENT LOANS ARBITRAGE ASSET CLASS ASSET PRICES BAILOUT BAILOUTS BALANCE SHEETS BANK LOANS BANK POLICY BANKING SECTOR BANKING SYSTEM BANKRUPTCIES BANKRUPTCY BANKRUPTCY MECHANISM BANKRUPTCY PROCEDURE BANKRUPTCY PROCESS BASIS POINTS BLACK MARKET BLACK MARKETS BOND BOND HOLDERS BOND ISSUE BOND ISSUES BOND SPREADS BONDHOLDERS BONDS BORROWING COST BORROWING COSTS BUDGET CONSTRAINT BUDGET CONSTRAINTS BUDGET SURPLUSES CAPITAL ACCOUNTS CAPITAL ADEQUACY CAPITAL MOBILITY CATALYTIC FINANCE CENTRAL BANK CENTRAL BANKS CODE OF CONDUCT COLLECTIVE ACTION COLLECTIVE ACTION CLAUSES COLLECTIVE ACTION PROBLEM COMMERCIAL BANK COMMERCIAL BANK LOANS COMMERCIAL BANKS CONTINGENT LIABILITIES CORPORATE TAX RATE COUNTRY DEBT CREDIBILITY CREDIT STANDING CREDITOR CREDITOR COORDINATION CREDITWORTHINESS CURRENCY CURRENCY BOARD CURRENCY CRISES CURRENCY CRISIS CURRENCY MISMATCHES CURRENT ACCOUNT SURPLUSES DEBT BURDEN DEBT CRISES DEBT CRISIS DEBT DEFAULT DEBT DEFAULTS DEBT EXCHANGE DEBT INSTRUMENTS DEBT OBLIGATIONS DEBT OUTSTANDING DEBT OVERHANG DEBT POLICY DEBT PROBLEM DEBT PROBLEMS DEBT REDUCTION DEBT RELIEF DEBT SERVICE DEBT SERVICE PAYMENTS DEBT SWAP DEBT SWAPS DEBTOR DEBTOR COUNTRIES DEBTOR COUNTRY DEBTORS DEFAULT RISK DEPOSIT DEVALUATION DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRY DOLLAR DEBT DOMESTIC BANKS ECONOMIC POLICIES EMERGING MARKET EMERGING MARKET COUNTRIES EMERGING MARKETS EUROBOND EVENT OF INSOLVENCY EXCHANGE RATE EXTERNAL BORROWING EXTERNAL DEBT EXTERNAL DEBTS FACE VALUE FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS FINANCIAL MARKETS FINANCIAL STABILITY FINANCIAL SUPPORT FINANCIAL SYSTEM FISCAL DEFICIT FISCAL DEFICITS FIXED EXCHANGE RATE FIXED EXCHANGE RATES FIXED INCOME FLEXIBLE EXCHANGE RATES FLOATING RATE FLOATING RATE DEBTS FOREIGN BANKS FOREIGN EXCHANGE FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVE FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES FREE RIDER PROBLEMS GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT FINANCE GLOBAL FINANCIAL STABILITY GLOBALIZATION GOVERNMENT BONDS GOVERNMENT DEBT HEDGE FUND HOLDING HOLDINGS HOME CURRENCIES INDEBTED INDEBTED POOR COUNTRIES INDIVIDUAL CREDITORS INFLATION INSOLVENCY SITUATION INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT INSURANCE INSURANCE CORPORATION INTEREST BURDEN INTEREST DIFFERENTIAL INTEREST PAYMENTS INTEREST RATE INTEREST RATES INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL BANKRUPTCY INTERNATIONAL BOND INTERNATIONAL BOND MARKETS INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL MARKETS INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS INTERNATIONAL LAW INVESTMENT BANKS LEGAL IMPEDIMENTS LENDER LENDER OF LAST RESORT LENDING DECISIONS LEVY LIQUIDITY LIQUIDITY PROBLEM LOAN LOCAL CURRENCY LONG BOND LONG TERM CAPITAL MACROECONOMIC CRISES MACROECONOMIC INSTABILITY MACROECONOMIC UNCERTAINTY MACROECONOMIC VOLATILITY MARKET ACCESS MARKET INDEX MARKET VALUE MATURITY MONETARY FINANCING MONETARY FUND MORAL HAZARD PAYMENT TERMS POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL RISK PORTFOLIOS PRIVATE CAPITAL PRIVATE CREDITORS PRIVATE DEBT PRIVATE DEBTS PRIVATE INVESTMENT PRIVATE INVESTORS PRIVATE LENDERS PRIVATE LOANS PRIVATE] INVESTORS PRIVATIZATION PROBABILITY OF DEFAULT PUBLIC DEBT PUBLIC FINANCES PUBLIC INVESTMENTS PUBLIC SECTOR DEBT REAL EXCHANGE RATES REMAINING DEBT RENEGOTIATION RENEGOTIATIONS RESERVES RETURN RISK-FREE RATE RISKY ASSET SECONDARY MARKET SECONDARY MARKET PRICES SOLVENCY SOLVENCY PROBLEM SOVEREIGN BONDS SOVEREIGN DEBT SOVEREIGN DEBT MARKETS SOVEREIGN DEBT RESTRUCTURING SOVEREIGN DEBT RESTRUCTURING MECHANISM SOVEREIGN DEFAULTS SOVEREIGN LENDING SOVEREIGN RISK SOVEREIGN YIELD SWAP SWAPS T-BILL T-BILLS TAX TAX COLLECTIONS TOTAL DEBT TRADING TRANCHES TRANSACTIONS COSTS TREASURY TREASURY BILLS WAGES This paper takes a hard look at the experience with official intervention in sovereign debt crises, focusing on debt crises of the 1980s, Russia in 1998, Argentina in 2001, and Greece in 2010. Based on the track record, the authors argue that in situations where countries face a solvency problem, official intervention is more likely to succeed if official money is lent at the risk-free rate reflecting its seniority and private creditors receive an upfront haircut. Such an approach would limit the costs associated with procrastination and increase the chances of success by enabling a more realistic fiscal program to restore solvency. They examine the moral hazard implications for debtor countries of this proposal and find that these are unlikely to be severe. In fact, after their crises of 1997-2001, emerging market countries embarked on an aggressive and comprehensive program of self-insurance, indicating that they are weary of debt crises and their costs. However, the prospect of an upfront haircut for private creditors in the event of insolvency is likely to make them more diligent in their sovereign lending decisions. 2012-06-29T22:28:42Z 2012-06-29T22:28:42Z 2012-05 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/05/16251472/orderly-sovereign-debt-restructuring-missing-action https://hdl.handle.net/10986/9363 English Policy Research Working Paper; No. 6054 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank application/pdf text/plain World Bank, Washington, DC