New Technologies, New Risks? Innovation and Countering the Financing of Terrorism

Recent developments in the way financial services are delivered have provided both opportunities for economic development and prompted fears of their attractiveness for crimes such as terrorist financing. This paper explores four innovations, value cards, mobile financial services, online banking and payments, and digital currencies, outlining how they work, analyzing their risks, and identifying some ways in which governments and providers are attempting to reduce their attractiveness to financiers of terrorism. Determining what the actual risks are is critical to ensuring that laws and regulations balance both the need to protect integrity in the market and to create an environment friendly to business and empowering to the poor. The paper concludes that these new methods of payment do not offer particular usefulness to terrorist financiers. However, some of these channels could be attractive for general criminal abuse because they have an ambiguous place in the legal regime. Providers therefore, may not know about or elect to properly mitigate risks. The industry is encouraged to work within itself to share information to prevent and detect criminal activity. Governments should consult with industry in deciding regulation and industry should notify government prior to rolling out a new service. This will make government oversight more effective. Lastly, since many of these services are international in scope, government coordination and awareness rising is central.

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Zerzan, Andrew
Format: Publication biblioteca
Language:English
Published: World Bank 2012-03-19T09:32:37Z
Subjects:ACCOUNT BALANCE, ACCOUNT HOLDERS, ACCOUNT INFORMATION, ACCOUNT NUMBER, AUCTION, AUTHENTICATION, AUTHORIZATION, BANK ACCOUNT, BANK ACCOUNTS, BANK BRANCHES, BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS, BANKING ACCOUNT, BANKING SERVICES, BASIC, BEST PRACTICES, BIOMETRIC AUTHENTICATION, BIOMETRIC TECHNOLOGY, BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT, BUSINESS MODEL, BUSINESS MODELS, BUSINESS RELATIONSHIP, BUSINESSES, BUYER, BUYERS, CAPABILITIES, CARD TECHNOLOGY, CARDHOLDER, CARDHOLDERS, CELLULAR NETWORK, CENTRAL BANKS, CENTRAL SERVER, CLEARING SYSTEMS, COMMODITY, COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES, COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY, COMMUNITIES, COMPUTERS, COPYING, COPYRIGHT, CREDIT CARD, CREDIT CARDS, CRIMINAL PURPOSES, CURRENCY EXCHANGE, CUSTOM, CUSTOMER IDENTIFICATION, CUSTOMER INFORMATION, CUSTOMER PROFILE, CUSTOMER PROFILING, CUSTOMER SERVICE, CUSTOMS, DEBIT CARD, DEPOSITS, DIGITAL, DIGITAL CURRENCIES, DIGITAL CURRENCY, DRUG TRAFFICKING, DUE DILIGENCE, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ELECTRONIC BANKING, ELECTRONIC FUNDS, ELECTRONIC FUNDS TRANSFER, ELECTRONIC MONIES, ELECTRONIC PAYMENT, ELECTRONIC PAYMENT SYSTEMS, ELECTRONIC PURSE, ELECTRONIC PURSES, ELECTRONIC SIGNATURE, EQUIPMENT, FEDERAL RESERVE BANK, FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF NEW YORK, FINANCIAL ACTIVITY, FINANCIAL CRIMES, FINANCIAL INFORMATION, FINANCIAL INSTITUTION, FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, FINANCIAL INTELLIGENCE, FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES, FINANCIAL MARKET, FINANCIAL PRODUCT, FINANCIAL RESOURCES, FINANCIAL SERVICE, FINANCIAL SERVICES, FINANCIAL SYSTEM, FINANCIAL SYSTEMS, FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS, FRAUD, FUNCTIONALITY, FUNDS TRANSFERS, GLOBAL STANDARD, GUIDELINES FOR COMPANIES, ID, IDENTIFICATION CARDS, IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM, ILLICIT ACTIVITIES, ILLICIT ACTIVITY, INFORMATION SERVICES, INNOVATION, INNOVATIONS, INSPECTION, INSURANCE, INTERFACE, INTERFACES, INTERNAL CONTROLS, INTERNATIONAL BANK, INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS, INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET BANKING, INTERNET DEVELOPMENT, INTERNET USERS, INTEROPERABILITY, JOINT VENTURE, LACK OF INTEROPERABILITY, LAW ENFORCEMENT, LAWS, LEGAL REGIME, LEGAL STATUS, LEGISLATION, LEVEL OF RISK, LICENSE, LICENSES, MAGNETIC STRIP, MARKET DEMAND, MARKET SEGMENTS, MARKET SHARE, MATERIAL, MEDIA, MOBILE BANK, MOBILE BANKING, MOBILE PHONE, MOBILE PHONE USERS, MOBILE PHONES, MOBILE TELEPHONE, MOBILE TELEPHONES, MOBILE USERS, MONETARY AUTHORITY, MONETARY INSTRUMENT, MONETARY INSTRUMENTS, MONEY LAUNDERING, MONEY TRANSFER, NETWORK ACCESS, NETWORKS, NEW TECHNOLOGIES, NONBANK FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, ONLINE BANKING, ONLINE BANKS, ONLINE FINANCIAL SERVICES, ONLINE FRAUD, ONLINE PAYMENT, ONLINE PAYMENTS, ONLINE SERVICES, ONLINE TRANSACTIONS, OPEN SYSTEM, PASSWORDS, PAYMENT METHOD, PAYMENT METHODS, PAYMENT PROVIDERS, PAYMENT SERVICE, PAYMENT SERVICES, PAYMENT SYSTEM, PAYMENT SYSTEMS, PEER TO PEER, PERSONAL INFORMATION, PHONE CARD, PHONE CARDS, PHONE NUMBER, PHYSICAL LOCATION, PHYSICAL PRESENCE, POINT OF SALE, PRIVATE SECTOR, PROFITABILITY, PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION, PUBLISHING, QUERIES, REDEMPTION, REGISTRIES, REGISTRY, RESULT, RESULTS, RISK ANALYSIS, RISK FACTOR, RISK FACTORS, SEARCH, SECURITIES, SECURITIES TRANSACTIONS, SECURITY CONTROLS, SECURITY MEASURES, SERVICE PROVIDER, SERVICE PROVIDERS, SETTLEMENT SYSTEMS, SMART CARD, SMURFING, STATISTICAL ANALYSIS, STOCK TRADING, SUBSIDIARY, SUPERVISION, SUSPICIOUS ACTIVITY, TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT, TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS, TELECOM, TELECOMMUNICATIONS, TELEPHONE, TERRORISM, TERRORIST, TERRORIST ATTACK, TERRORIST GROUPS, TERRORISTS, THIEVES, TRACEABILITY, TRADITIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, TRADITIONAL PAYMENT, TRANSACTION, TRANSACTION COSTS, TRANSACTION SERVICES, TRANSFER OF OWNERSHIP, TRANSMISSION, TREASURY NOTES, UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS, USER, USERS, USES, VERIFICATION, WEBSITE, WEBSITES, WIRE TRANSFER, WIRE TRANSFERS, WIRELESS, WIRELESS NETWORKS,
Online Access:http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000333038_20100105024650
http://hdl.handle.net/10986/2400
http://hdl.handle.net/10986/5918
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record_format koha
institution Banco Mundial
collection DSpace
country Estados Unidos
countrycode US
component Bibliográfico
access En linea
databasecode dig-okr
tag biblioteca
region America del Norte
libraryname Biblioteca del Banco Mundial
language English
topic ACCOUNT BALANCE
ACCOUNT HOLDERS
ACCOUNT INFORMATION
ACCOUNT NUMBER
AUCTION
AUTHENTICATION
AUTHORIZATION
BANK ACCOUNT
BANK ACCOUNTS
BANK BRANCHES
BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS
BANKING ACCOUNT
BANKING SERVICES
BASIC
BEST PRACTICES
BIOMETRIC AUTHENTICATION
BIOMETRIC TECHNOLOGY
BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
BUSINESS MODEL
BUSINESS MODELS
BUSINESS RELATIONSHIP
BUSINESSES
BUYER
BUYERS
CAPABILITIES
CARD TECHNOLOGY
CARDHOLDER
CARDHOLDERS
CELLULAR NETWORK
CENTRAL BANKS
CENTRAL SERVER
CLEARING SYSTEMS
COMMODITY
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY
COMMUNITIES
COMPUTERS
COPYING
COPYRIGHT
CREDIT CARD
CREDIT CARDS
CRIMINAL PURPOSES
CURRENCY EXCHANGE
CUSTOM
CUSTOMER IDENTIFICATION
CUSTOMER INFORMATION
CUSTOMER PROFILE
CUSTOMER PROFILING
CUSTOMER SERVICE
CUSTOMS
DEBIT CARD
DEPOSITS
DIGITAL
DIGITAL CURRENCIES
DIGITAL CURRENCY
DRUG TRAFFICKING
DUE DILIGENCE
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
ELECTRONIC BANKING
ELECTRONIC FUNDS
ELECTRONIC FUNDS TRANSFER
ELECTRONIC MONIES
ELECTRONIC PAYMENT
ELECTRONIC PAYMENT SYSTEMS
ELECTRONIC PURSE
ELECTRONIC PURSES
ELECTRONIC SIGNATURE
EQUIPMENT
FEDERAL RESERVE BANK
FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF NEW YORK
FINANCIAL ACTIVITY
FINANCIAL CRIMES
FINANCIAL INFORMATION
FINANCIAL INSTITUTION
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
FINANCIAL INTELLIGENCE
FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
FINANCIAL MARKET
FINANCIAL PRODUCT
FINANCIAL RESOURCES
FINANCIAL SERVICE
FINANCIAL SERVICES
FINANCIAL SYSTEM
FINANCIAL SYSTEMS
FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS
FRAUD
FUNCTIONALITY
FUNDS TRANSFERS
GLOBAL STANDARD
GUIDELINES FOR COMPANIES
ID
IDENTIFICATION CARDS
IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM
ILLICIT ACTIVITIES
ILLICIT ACTIVITY
INFORMATION SERVICES
INNOVATION
INNOVATIONS
INSPECTION
INSURANCE
INTERFACE
INTERFACES
INTERNAL CONTROLS
INTERNATIONAL BANK
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS
INTERNET BANKING
INTERNET DEVELOPMENT
INTERNET USERS
INTEROPERABILITY
JOINT VENTURE
LACK OF INTEROPERABILITY
LAW ENFORCEMENT
LAWS
LEGAL REGIME
LEGAL STATUS
LEGISLATION
LEVEL OF RISK
LICENSE
LICENSES
MAGNETIC STRIP
MARKET DEMAND
MARKET SEGMENTS
MARKET SHARE
MATERIAL
MEDIA
MOBILE BANK
MOBILE BANKING
MOBILE PHONE
MOBILE PHONE USERS
MOBILE PHONES
MOBILE TELEPHONE
MOBILE TELEPHONES
MOBILE USERS
MONETARY AUTHORITY
MONETARY INSTRUMENT
MONETARY INSTRUMENTS
MONEY LAUNDERING
MONEY TRANSFER
NETWORK ACCESS
NETWORKS
NEW TECHNOLOGIES
NONBANK FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
ONLINE BANKING
ONLINE BANKS
ONLINE FINANCIAL SERVICES
ONLINE FRAUD
ONLINE PAYMENT
ONLINE PAYMENTS
ONLINE SERVICES
ONLINE TRANSACTIONS
OPEN SYSTEM
PASSWORDS
PAYMENT METHOD
PAYMENT METHODS
PAYMENT PROVIDERS
PAYMENT SERVICE
PAYMENT SERVICES
PAYMENT SYSTEM
PAYMENT SYSTEMS
PEER TO PEER
PERSONAL INFORMATION
PHONE CARD
PHONE CARDS
PHONE NUMBER
PHYSICAL LOCATION
PHYSICAL PRESENCE
POINT OF SALE
PRIVATE SECTOR
PROFITABILITY
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
PUBLISHING
QUERIES
REDEMPTION
REGISTRIES
REGISTRY
RESULT
RESULTS
RISK ANALYSIS
RISK FACTOR
RISK FACTORS
SEARCH
SECURITIES
SECURITIES TRANSACTIONS
SECURITY CONTROLS
SECURITY MEASURES
SERVICE PROVIDER
SERVICE PROVIDERS
SETTLEMENT SYSTEMS
SMART CARD
SMURFING
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
STOCK TRADING
SUBSIDIARY
SUPERVISION
SUSPICIOUS ACTIVITY
TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT
TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS
TELECOM
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
TELEPHONE
TERRORISM
TERRORIST
TERRORIST ATTACK
TERRORIST GROUPS
TERRORISTS
THIEVES
TRACEABILITY
TRADITIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
TRADITIONAL PAYMENT
TRANSACTION
TRANSACTION COSTS
TRANSACTION SERVICES
TRANSFER OF OWNERSHIP
TRANSMISSION
TREASURY NOTES
UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS
USER
USERS
USES
VERIFICATION
WEBSITE
WEBSITES
WIRE TRANSFER
WIRE TRANSFERS
WIRELESS
WIRELESS NETWORKS
ACCOUNT BALANCE
ACCOUNT HOLDERS
ACCOUNT INFORMATION
ACCOUNT NUMBER
AUCTION
AUTHENTICATION
AUTHORIZATION
BANK ACCOUNT
BANK ACCOUNTS
BANK BRANCHES
BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS
BANKING ACCOUNT
BANKING SERVICES
BASIC
BEST PRACTICES
BIOMETRIC AUTHENTICATION
BIOMETRIC TECHNOLOGY
BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
BUSINESS MODEL
BUSINESS MODELS
BUSINESS RELATIONSHIP
BUSINESSES
BUYER
BUYERS
CAPABILITIES
CARD TECHNOLOGY
CARDHOLDER
CARDHOLDERS
CELLULAR NETWORK
CENTRAL BANKS
CENTRAL SERVER
CLEARING SYSTEMS
COMMODITY
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY
COMMUNITIES
COMPUTERS
COPYING
COPYRIGHT
CREDIT CARD
CREDIT CARDS
CRIMINAL PURPOSES
CURRENCY EXCHANGE
CUSTOM
CUSTOMER IDENTIFICATION
CUSTOMER INFORMATION
CUSTOMER PROFILE
CUSTOMER PROFILING
CUSTOMER SERVICE
CUSTOMS
DEBIT CARD
DEPOSITS
DIGITAL
DIGITAL CURRENCIES
DIGITAL CURRENCY
DRUG TRAFFICKING
DUE DILIGENCE
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
ELECTRONIC BANKING
ELECTRONIC FUNDS
ELECTRONIC FUNDS TRANSFER
ELECTRONIC MONIES
ELECTRONIC PAYMENT
ELECTRONIC PAYMENT SYSTEMS
ELECTRONIC PURSE
ELECTRONIC PURSES
ELECTRONIC SIGNATURE
EQUIPMENT
FEDERAL RESERVE BANK
FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF NEW YORK
FINANCIAL ACTIVITY
FINANCIAL CRIMES
FINANCIAL INFORMATION
FINANCIAL INSTITUTION
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
FINANCIAL INTELLIGENCE
FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
FINANCIAL MARKET
FINANCIAL PRODUCT
FINANCIAL RESOURCES
FINANCIAL SERVICE
FINANCIAL SERVICES
FINANCIAL SYSTEM
FINANCIAL SYSTEMS
FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS
FRAUD
FUNCTIONALITY
FUNDS TRANSFERS
GLOBAL STANDARD
GUIDELINES FOR COMPANIES
ID
IDENTIFICATION CARDS
IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM
ILLICIT ACTIVITIES
ILLICIT ACTIVITY
INFORMATION SERVICES
INNOVATION
INNOVATIONS
INSPECTION
INSURANCE
INTERFACE
INTERFACES
INTERNAL CONTROLS
INTERNATIONAL BANK
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS
INTERNET BANKING
INTERNET DEVELOPMENT
INTERNET USERS
INTEROPERABILITY
JOINT VENTURE
LACK OF INTEROPERABILITY
LAW ENFORCEMENT
LAWS
LEGAL REGIME
LEGAL STATUS
LEGISLATION
LEVEL OF RISK
LICENSE
LICENSES
MAGNETIC STRIP
MARKET DEMAND
MARKET SEGMENTS
MARKET SHARE
MATERIAL
MEDIA
MOBILE BANK
MOBILE BANKING
MOBILE PHONE
MOBILE PHONE USERS
MOBILE PHONES
MOBILE TELEPHONE
MOBILE TELEPHONES
MOBILE USERS
MONETARY AUTHORITY
MONETARY INSTRUMENT
MONETARY INSTRUMENTS
MONEY LAUNDERING
MONEY TRANSFER
NETWORK ACCESS
NETWORKS
NEW TECHNOLOGIES
NONBANK FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
ONLINE BANKING
ONLINE BANKS
ONLINE FINANCIAL SERVICES
ONLINE FRAUD
ONLINE PAYMENT
ONLINE PAYMENTS
ONLINE SERVICES
ONLINE TRANSACTIONS
OPEN SYSTEM
PASSWORDS
PAYMENT METHOD
PAYMENT METHODS
PAYMENT PROVIDERS
PAYMENT SERVICE
PAYMENT SERVICES
PAYMENT SYSTEM
PAYMENT SYSTEMS
PEER TO PEER
PERSONAL INFORMATION
PHONE CARD
PHONE CARDS
PHONE NUMBER
PHYSICAL LOCATION
PHYSICAL PRESENCE
POINT OF SALE
PRIVATE SECTOR
PROFITABILITY
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
PUBLISHING
QUERIES
REDEMPTION
REGISTRIES
REGISTRY
RESULT
RESULTS
RISK ANALYSIS
RISK FACTOR
RISK FACTORS
SEARCH
SECURITIES
SECURITIES TRANSACTIONS
SECURITY CONTROLS
SECURITY MEASURES
SERVICE PROVIDER
SERVICE PROVIDERS
SETTLEMENT SYSTEMS
SMART CARD
SMURFING
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
STOCK TRADING
SUBSIDIARY
SUPERVISION
SUSPICIOUS ACTIVITY
TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT
TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS
TELECOM
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
TELEPHONE
TERRORISM
TERRORIST
TERRORIST ATTACK
TERRORIST GROUPS
TERRORISTS
THIEVES
TRACEABILITY
TRADITIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
TRADITIONAL PAYMENT
TRANSACTION
TRANSACTION COSTS
TRANSACTION SERVICES
TRANSFER OF OWNERSHIP
TRANSMISSION
TREASURY NOTES
UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS
USER
USERS
USES
VERIFICATION
WEBSITE
WEBSITES
WIRE TRANSFER
WIRE TRANSFERS
WIRELESS
WIRELESS NETWORKS
spellingShingle ACCOUNT BALANCE
ACCOUNT HOLDERS
ACCOUNT INFORMATION
ACCOUNT NUMBER
AUCTION
AUTHENTICATION
AUTHORIZATION
BANK ACCOUNT
BANK ACCOUNTS
BANK BRANCHES
BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS
BANKING ACCOUNT
BANKING SERVICES
BASIC
BEST PRACTICES
BIOMETRIC AUTHENTICATION
BIOMETRIC TECHNOLOGY
BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
BUSINESS MODEL
BUSINESS MODELS
BUSINESS RELATIONSHIP
BUSINESSES
BUYER
BUYERS
CAPABILITIES
CARD TECHNOLOGY
CARDHOLDER
CARDHOLDERS
CELLULAR NETWORK
CENTRAL BANKS
CENTRAL SERVER
CLEARING SYSTEMS
COMMODITY
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY
COMMUNITIES
COMPUTERS
COPYING
COPYRIGHT
CREDIT CARD
CREDIT CARDS
CRIMINAL PURPOSES
CURRENCY EXCHANGE
CUSTOM
CUSTOMER IDENTIFICATION
CUSTOMER INFORMATION
CUSTOMER PROFILE
CUSTOMER PROFILING
CUSTOMER SERVICE
CUSTOMS
DEBIT CARD
DEPOSITS
DIGITAL
DIGITAL CURRENCIES
DIGITAL CURRENCY
DRUG TRAFFICKING
DUE DILIGENCE
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
ELECTRONIC BANKING
ELECTRONIC FUNDS
ELECTRONIC FUNDS TRANSFER
ELECTRONIC MONIES
ELECTRONIC PAYMENT
ELECTRONIC PAYMENT SYSTEMS
ELECTRONIC PURSE
ELECTRONIC PURSES
ELECTRONIC SIGNATURE
EQUIPMENT
FEDERAL RESERVE BANK
FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF NEW YORK
FINANCIAL ACTIVITY
FINANCIAL CRIMES
FINANCIAL INFORMATION
FINANCIAL INSTITUTION
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
FINANCIAL INTELLIGENCE
FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
FINANCIAL MARKET
FINANCIAL PRODUCT
FINANCIAL RESOURCES
FINANCIAL SERVICE
FINANCIAL SERVICES
FINANCIAL SYSTEM
FINANCIAL SYSTEMS
FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS
FRAUD
FUNCTIONALITY
FUNDS TRANSFERS
GLOBAL STANDARD
GUIDELINES FOR COMPANIES
ID
IDENTIFICATION CARDS
IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM
ILLICIT ACTIVITIES
ILLICIT ACTIVITY
INFORMATION SERVICES
INNOVATION
INNOVATIONS
INSPECTION
INSURANCE
INTERFACE
INTERFACES
INTERNAL CONTROLS
INTERNATIONAL BANK
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS
INTERNET BANKING
INTERNET DEVELOPMENT
INTERNET USERS
INTEROPERABILITY
JOINT VENTURE
LACK OF INTEROPERABILITY
LAW ENFORCEMENT
LAWS
LEGAL REGIME
LEGAL STATUS
LEGISLATION
LEVEL OF RISK
LICENSE
LICENSES
MAGNETIC STRIP
MARKET DEMAND
MARKET SEGMENTS
MARKET SHARE
MATERIAL
MEDIA
MOBILE BANK
MOBILE BANKING
MOBILE PHONE
MOBILE PHONE USERS
MOBILE PHONES
MOBILE TELEPHONE
MOBILE TELEPHONES
MOBILE USERS
MONETARY AUTHORITY
MONETARY INSTRUMENT
MONETARY INSTRUMENTS
MONEY LAUNDERING
MONEY TRANSFER
NETWORK ACCESS
NETWORKS
NEW TECHNOLOGIES
NONBANK FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
ONLINE BANKING
ONLINE BANKS
ONLINE FINANCIAL SERVICES
ONLINE FRAUD
ONLINE PAYMENT
ONLINE PAYMENTS
ONLINE SERVICES
ONLINE TRANSACTIONS
OPEN SYSTEM
PASSWORDS
PAYMENT METHOD
PAYMENT METHODS
PAYMENT PROVIDERS
PAYMENT SERVICE
PAYMENT SERVICES
PAYMENT SYSTEM
PAYMENT SYSTEMS
PEER TO PEER
PERSONAL INFORMATION
PHONE CARD
PHONE CARDS
PHONE NUMBER
PHYSICAL LOCATION
PHYSICAL PRESENCE
POINT OF SALE
PRIVATE SECTOR
PROFITABILITY
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
PUBLISHING
QUERIES
REDEMPTION
REGISTRIES
REGISTRY
RESULT
RESULTS
RISK ANALYSIS
RISK FACTOR
RISK FACTORS
SEARCH
SECURITIES
SECURITIES TRANSACTIONS
SECURITY CONTROLS
SECURITY MEASURES
SERVICE PROVIDER
SERVICE PROVIDERS
SETTLEMENT SYSTEMS
SMART CARD
SMURFING
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
STOCK TRADING
SUBSIDIARY
SUPERVISION
SUSPICIOUS ACTIVITY
TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT
TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS
TELECOM
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
TELEPHONE
TERRORISM
TERRORIST
TERRORIST ATTACK
TERRORIST GROUPS
TERRORISTS
THIEVES
TRACEABILITY
TRADITIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
TRADITIONAL PAYMENT
TRANSACTION
TRANSACTION COSTS
TRANSACTION SERVICES
TRANSFER OF OWNERSHIP
TRANSMISSION
TREASURY NOTES
UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS
USER
USERS
USES
VERIFICATION
WEBSITE
WEBSITES
WIRE TRANSFER
WIRE TRANSFERS
WIRELESS
WIRELESS NETWORKS
ACCOUNT BALANCE
ACCOUNT HOLDERS
ACCOUNT INFORMATION
ACCOUNT NUMBER
AUCTION
AUTHENTICATION
AUTHORIZATION
BANK ACCOUNT
BANK ACCOUNTS
BANK BRANCHES
BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS
BANKING ACCOUNT
BANKING SERVICES
BASIC
BEST PRACTICES
BIOMETRIC AUTHENTICATION
BIOMETRIC TECHNOLOGY
BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
BUSINESS MODEL
BUSINESS MODELS
BUSINESS RELATIONSHIP
BUSINESSES
BUYER
BUYERS
CAPABILITIES
CARD TECHNOLOGY
CARDHOLDER
CARDHOLDERS
CELLULAR NETWORK
CENTRAL BANKS
CENTRAL SERVER
CLEARING SYSTEMS
COMMODITY
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY
COMMUNITIES
COMPUTERS
COPYING
COPYRIGHT
CREDIT CARD
CREDIT CARDS
CRIMINAL PURPOSES
CURRENCY EXCHANGE
CUSTOM
CUSTOMER IDENTIFICATION
CUSTOMER INFORMATION
CUSTOMER PROFILE
CUSTOMER PROFILING
CUSTOMER SERVICE
CUSTOMS
DEBIT CARD
DEPOSITS
DIGITAL
DIGITAL CURRENCIES
DIGITAL CURRENCY
DRUG TRAFFICKING
DUE DILIGENCE
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
ELECTRONIC BANKING
ELECTRONIC FUNDS
ELECTRONIC FUNDS TRANSFER
ELECTRONIC MONIES
ELECTRONIC PAYMENT
ELECTRONIC PAYMENT SYSTEMS
ELECTRONIC PURSE
ELECTRONIC PURSES
ELECTRONIC SIGNATURE
EQUIPMENT
FEDERAL RESERVE BANK
FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF NEW YORK
FINANCIAL ACTIVITY
FINANCIAL CRIMES
FINANCIAL INFORMATION
FINANCIAL INSTITUTION
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
FINANCIAL INTELLIGENCE
FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
FINANCIAL MARKET
FINANCIAL PRODUCT
FINANCIAL RESOURCES
FINANCIAL SERVICE
FINANCIAL SERVICES
FINANCIAL SYSTEM
FINANCIAL SYSTEMS
FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS
FRAUD
FUNCTIONALITY
FUNDS TRANSFERS
GLOBAL STANDARD
GUIDELINES FOR COMPANIES
ID
IDENTIFICATION CARDS
IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM
ILLICIT ACTIVITIES
ILLICIT ACTIVITY
INFORMATION SERVICES
INNOVATION
INNOVATIONS
INSPECTION
INSURANCE
INTERFACE
INTERFACES
INTERNAL CONTROLS
INTERNATIONAL BANK
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS
INTERNET BANKING
INTERNET DEVELOPMENT
INTERNET USERS
INTEROPERABILITY
JOINT VENTURE
LACK OF INTEROPERABILITY
LAW ENFORCEMENT
LAWS
LEGAL REGIME
LEGAL STATUS
LEGISLATION
LEVEL OF RISK
LICENSE
LICENSES
MAGNETIC STRIP
MARKET DEMAND
MARKET SEGMENTS
MARKET SHARE
MATERIAL
MEDIA
MOBILE BANK
MOBILE BANKING
MOBILE PHONE
MOBILE PHONE USERS
MOBILE PHONES
MOBILE TELEPHONE
MOBILE TELEPHONES
MOBILE USERS
MONETARY AUTHORITY
MONETARY INSTRUMENT
MONETARY INSTRUMENTS
MONEY LAUNDERING
MONEY TRANSFER
NETWORK ACCESS
NETWORKS
NEW TECHNOLOGIES
NONBANK FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
ONLINE BANKING
ONLINE BANKS
ONLINE FINANCIAL SERVICES
ONLINE FRAUD
ONLINE PAYMENT
ONLINE PAYMENTS
ONLINE SERVICES
ONLINE TRANSACTIONS
OPEN SYSTEM
PASSWORDS
PAYMENT METHOD
PAYMENT METHODS
PAYMENT PROVIDERS
PAYMENT SERVICE
PAYMENT SERVICES
PAYMENT SYSTEM
PAYMENT SYSTEMS
PEER TO PEER
PERSONAL INFORMATION
PHONE CARD
PHONE CARDS
PHONE NUMBER
PHYSICAL LOCATION
PHYSICAL PRESENCE
POINT OF SALE
PRIVATE SECTOR
PROFITABILITY
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
PUBLISHING
QUERIES
REDEMPTION
REGISTRIES
REGISTRY
RESULT
RESULTS
RISK ANALYSIS
RISK FACTOR
RISK FACTORS
SEARCH
SECURITIES
SECURITIES TRANSACTIONS
SECURITY CONTROLS
SECURITY MEASURES
SERVICE PROVIDER
SERVICE PROVIDERS
SETTLEMENT SYSTEMS
SMART CARD
SMURFING
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
STOCK TRADING
SUBSIDIARY
SUPERVISION
SUSPICIOUS ACTIVITY
TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT
TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS
TELECOM
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
TELEPHONE
TERRORISM
TERRORIST
TERRORIST ATTACK
TERRORIST GROUPS
TERRORISTS
THIEVES
TRACEABILITY
TRADITIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
TRADITIONAL PAYMENT
TRANSACTION
TRANSACTION COSTS
TRANSACTION SERVICES
TRANSFER OF OWNERSHIP
TRANSMISSION
TREASURY NOTES
UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS
USER
USERS
USES
VERIFICATION
WEBSITE
WEBSITES
WIRE TRANSFER
WIRE TRANSFERS
WIRELESS
WIRELESS NETWORKS
Zerzan, Andrew
New Technologies, New Risks? Innovation and Countering the Financing of Terrorism
description Recent developments in the way financial services are delivered have provided both opportunities for economic development and prompted fears of their attractiveness for crimes such as terrorist financing. This paper explores four innovations, value cards, mobile financial services, online banking and payments, and digital currencies, outlining how they work, analyzing their risks, and identifying some ways in which governments and providers are attempting to reduce their attractiveness to financiers of terrorism. Determining what the actual risks are is critical to ensuring that laws and regulations balance both the need to protect integrity in the market and to create an environment friendly to business and empowering to the poor. The paper concludes that these new methods of payment do not offer particular usefulness to terrorist financiers. However, some of these channels could be attractive for general criminal abuse because they have an ambiguous place in the legal regime. Providers therefore, may not know about or elect to properly mitigate risks. The industry is encouraged to work within itself to share information to prevent and detect criminal activity. Governments should consult with industry in deciding regulation and industry should notify government prior to rolling out a new service. This will make government oversight more effective. Lastly, since many of these services are international in scope, government coordination and awareness rising is central.
format Publications & Research :: Publication
topic_facet ACCOUNT BALANCE
ACCOUNT HOLDERS
ACCOUNT INFORMATION
ACCOUNT NUMBER
AUCTION
AUTHENTICATION
AUTHORIZATION
BANK ACCOUNT
BANK ACCOUNTS
BANK BRANCHES
BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS
BANKING ACCOUNT
BANKING SERVICES
BASIC
BEST PRACTICES
BIOMETRIC AUTHENTICATION
BIOMETRIC TECHNOLOGY
BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
BUSINESS MODEL
BUSINESS MODELS
BUSINESS RELATIONSHIP
BUSINESSES
BUYER
BUYERS
CAPABILITIES
CARD TECHNOLOGY
CARDHOLDER
CARDHOLDERS
CELLULAR NETWORK
CENTRAL BANKS
CENTRAL SERVER
CLEARING SYSTEMS
COMMODITY
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY
COMMUNITIES
COMPUTERS
COPYING
COPYRIGHT
CREDIT CARD
CREDIT CARDS
CRIMINAL PURPOSES
CURRENCY EXCHANGE
CUSTOM
CUSTOMER IDENTIFICATION
CUSTOMER INFORMATION
CUSTOMER PROFILE
CUSTOMER PROFILING
CUSTOMER SERVICE
CUSTOMS
DEBIT CARD
DEPOSITS
DIGITAL
DIGITAL CURRENCIES
DIGITAL CURRENCY
DRUG TRAFFICKING
DUE DILIGENCE
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
ELECTRONIC BANKING
ELECTRONIC FUNDS
ELECTRONIC FUNDS TRANSFER
ELECTRONIC MONIES
ELECTRONIC PAYMENT
ELECTRONIC PAYMENT SYSTEMS
ELECTRONIC PURSE
ELECTRONIC PURSES
ELECTRONIC SIGNATURE
EQUIPMENT
FEDERAL RESERVE BANK
FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF NEW YORK
FINANCIAL ACTIVITY
FINANCIAL CRIMES
FINANCIAL INFORMATION
FINANCIAL INSTITUTION
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
FINANCIAL INTELLIGENCE
FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
FINANCIAL MARKET
FINANCIAL PRODUCT
FINANCIAL RESOURCES
FINANCIAL SERVICE
FINANCIAL SERVICES
FINANCIAL SYSTEM
FINANCIAL SYSTEMS
FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS
FRAUD
FUNCTIONALITY
FUNDS TRANSFERS
GLOBAL STANDARD
GUIDELINES FOR COMPANIES
ID
IDENTIFICATION CARDS
IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM
ILLICIT ACTIVITIES
ILLICIT ACTIVITY
INFORMATION SERVICES
INNOVATION
INNOVATIONS
INSPECTION
INSURANCE
INTERFACE
INTERFACES
INTERNAL CONTROLS
INTERNATIONAL BANK
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS
INTERNET BANKING
INTERNET DEVELOPMENT
INTERNET USERS
INTEROPERABILITY
JOINT VENTURE
LACK OF INTEROPERABILITY
LAW ENFORCEMENT
LAWS
LEGAL REGIME
LEGAL STATUS
LEGISLATION
LEVEL OF RISK
LICENSE
LICENSES
MAGNETIC STRIP
MARKET DEMAND
MARKET SEGMENTS
MARKET SHARE
MATERIAL
MEDIA
MOBILE BANK
MOBILE BANKING
MOBILE PHONE
MOBILE PHONE USERS
MOBILE PHONES
MOBILE TELEPHONE
MOBILE TELEPHONES
MOBILE USERS
MONETARY AUTHORITY
MONETARY INSTRUMENT
MONETARY INSTRUMENTS
MONEY LAUNDERING
MONEY TRANSFER
NETWORK ACCESS
NETWORKS
NEW TECHNOLOGIES
NONBANK FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
ONLINE BANKING
ONLINE BANKS
ONLINE FINANCIAL SERVICES
ONLINE FRAUD
ONLINE PAYMENT
ONLINE PAYMENTS
ONLINE SERVICES
ONLINE TRANSACTIONS
OPEN SYSTEM
PASSWORDS
PAYMENT METHOD
PAYMENT METHODS
PAYMENT PROVIDERS
PAYMENT SERVICE
PAYMENT SERVICES
PAYMENT SYSTEM
PAYMENT SYSTEMS
PEER TO PEER
PERSONAL INFORMATION
PHONE CARD
PHONE CARDS
PHONE NUMBER
PHYSICAL LOCATION
PHYSICAL PRESENCE
POINT OF SALE
PRIVATE SECTOR
PROFITABILITY
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
PUBLISHING
QUERIES
REDEMPTION
REGISTRIES
REGISTRY
RESULT
RESULTS
RISK ANALYSIS
RISK FACTOR
RISK FACTORS
SEARCH
SECURITIES
SECURITIES TRANSACTIONS
SECURITY CONTROLS
SECURITY MEASURES
SERVICE PROVIDER
SERVICE PROVIDERS
SETTLEMENT SYSTEMS
SMART CARD
SMURFING
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
STOCK TRADING
SUBSIDIARY
SUPERVISION
SUSPICIOUS ACTIVITY
TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT
TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS
TELECOM
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
TELEPHONE
TERRORISM
TERRORIST
TERRORIST ATTACK
TERRORIST GROUPS
TERRORISTS
THIEVES
TRACEABILITY
TRADITIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
TRADITIONAL PAYMENT
TRANSACTION
TRANSACTION COSTS
TRANSACTION SERVICES
TRANSFER OF OWNERSHIP
TRANSMISSION
TREASURY NOTES
UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS
USER
USERS
USES
VERIFICATION
WEBSITE
WEBSITES
WIRE TRANSFER
WIRE TRANSFERS
WIRELESS
WIRELESS NETWORKS
author Zerzan, Andrew
author_facet Zerzan, Andrew
author_sort Zerzan, Andrew
title New Technologies, New Risks? Innovation and Countering the Financing of Terrorism
title_short New Technologies, New Risks? Innovation and Countering the Financing of Terrorism
title_full New Technologies, New Risks? Innovation and Countering the Financing of Terrorism
title_fullStr New Technologies, New Risks? Innovation and Countering the Financing of Terrorism
title_full_unstemmed New Technologies, New Risks? Innovation and Countering the Financing of Terrorism
title_sort new technologies, new risks? innovation and countering the financing of terrorism
publisher World Bank
publishDate 2012-03-19T09:32:37Z
url http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000333038_20100105024650
http://hdl.handle.net/10986/2400
http://hdl.handle.net/10986/5918
work_keys_str_mv AT zerzanandrew newtechnologiesnewrisksinnovationandcounteringthefinancingofterrorism
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spelling dig-okr-1098659182021-04-23T14:02:24Z New Technologies, New Risks? Innovation and Countering the Financing of Terrorism Zerzan, Andrew ACCOUNT BALANCE ACCOUNT HOLDERS ACCOUNT INFORMATION ACCOUNT NUMBER AUCTION AUTHENTICATION AUTHORIZATION BANK ACCOUNT BANK ACCOUNTS BANK BRANCHES BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS BANKING ACCOUNT BANKING SERVICES BASIC BEST PRACTICES BIOMETRIC AUTHENTICATION BIOMETRIC TECHNOLOGY BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT BUSINESS MODEL BUSINESS MODELS BUSINESS RELATIONSHIP BUSINESSES BUYER BUYERS CAPABILITIES CARD TECHNOLOGY CARDHOLDER CARDHOLDERS CELLULAR NETWORK CENTRAL BANKS CENTRAL SERVER CLEARING SYSTEMS COMMODITY COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY COMMUNITIES COMPUTERS COPYING COPYRIGHT CREDIT CARD CREDIT CARDS CRIMINAL PURPOSES CURRENCY EXCHANGE CUSTOM CUSTOMER IDENTIFICATION CUSTOMER INFORMATION CUSTOMER PROFILE CUSTOMER PROFILING CUSTOMER SERVICE CUSTOMS DEBIT CARD DEPOSITS DIGITAL DIGITAL CURRENCIES DIGITAL CURRENCY DRUG TRAFFICKING DUE DILIGENCE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ELECTRONIC BANKING ELECTRONIC FUNDS ELECTRONIC FUNDS TRANSFER ELECTRONIC MONIES ELECTRONIC PAYMENT ELECTRONIC PAYMENT SYSTEMS ELECTRONIC PURSE ELECTRONIC PURSES ELECTRONIC SIGNATURE EQUIPMENT FEDERAL RESERVE BANK FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF NEW YORK FINANCIAL ACTIVITY FINANCIAL CRIMES FINANCIAL INFORMATION FINANCIAL INSTITUTION FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS FINANCIAL INTELLIGENCE FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES FINANCIAL MARKET FINANCIAL PRODUCT FINANCIAL RESOURCES FINANCIAL SERVICE FINANCIAL SERVICES FINANCIAL SYSTEM FINANCIAL SYSTEMS FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS FRAUD FUNCTIONALITY FUNDS TRANSFERS GLOBAL STANDARD GUIDELINES FOR COMPANIES ID IDENTIFICATION CARDS IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM ILLICIT ACTIVITIES ILLICIT ACTIVITY INFORMATION SERVICES INNOVATION INNOVATIONS INSPECTION INSURANCE INTERFACE INTERFACES INTERNAL CONTROLS INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS INTERNET BANKING INTERNET DEVELOPMENT INTERNET USERS INTEROPERABILITY JOINT VENTURE LACK OF INTEROPERABILITY LAW ENFORCEMENT LAWS LEGAL REGIME LEGAL STATUS LEGISLATION LEVEL OF RISK LICENSE LICENSES MAGNETIC STRIP MARKET DEMAND MARKET SEGMENTS MARKET SHARE MATERIAL MEDIA MOBILE BANK MOBILE BANKING MOBILE PHONE MOBILE PHONE USERS MOBILE PHONES MOBILE TELEPHONE MOBILE TELEPHONES MOBILE USERS MONETARY AUTHORITY MONETARY INSTRUMENT MONETARY INSTRUMENTS MONEY LAUNDERING MONEY TRANSFER NETWORK ACCESS NETWORKS NEW TECHNOLOGIES NONBANK FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS ONLINE BANKING ONLINE BANKS ONLINE FINANCIAL SERVICES ONLINE FRAUD ONLINE PAYMENT ONLINE PAYMENTS ONLINE SERVICES ONLINE TRANSACTIONS OPEN SYSTEM PASSWORDS PAYMENT METHOD PAYMENT METHODS PAYMENT PROVIDERS PAYMENT SERVICE PAYMENT SERVICES PAYMENT SYSTEM PAYMENT SYSTEMS PEER TO PEER PERSONAL INFORMATION PHONE CARD PHONE CARDS PHONE NUMBER PHYSICAL LOCATION PHYSICAL PRESENCE POINT OF SALE PRIVATE SECTOR PROFITABILITY PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION PUBLISHING QUERIES REDEMPTION REGISTRIES REGISTRY RESULT RESULTS RISK ANALYSIS RISK FACTOR RISK FACTORS SEARCH SECURITIES SECURITIES TRANSACTIONS SECURITY CONTROLS SECURITY MEASURES SERVICE PROVIDER SERVICE PROVIDERS SETTLEMENT SYSTEMS SMART CARD SMURFING STATISTICAL ANALYSIS STOCK TRADING SUBSIDIARY SUPERVISION SUSPICIOUS ACTIVITY TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS TELECOM TELECOMMUNICATIONS TELEPHONE TERRORISM TERRORIST TERRORIST ATTACK TERRORIST GROUPS TERRORISTS THIEVES TRACEABILITY TRADITIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS TRADITIONAL PAYMENT TRANSACTION TRANSACTION COSTS TRANSACTION SERVICES TRANSFER OF OWNERSHIP TRANSMISSION TREASURY NOTES UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS USER USERS USES VERIFICATION WEBSITE WEBSITES WIRE TRANSFER WIRE TRANSFERS WIRELESS WIRELESS NETWORKS Recent developments in the way financial services are delivered have provided both opportunities for economic development and prompted fears of their attractiveness for crimes such as terrorist financing. This paper explores four innovations, value cards, mobile financial services, online banking and payments, and digital currencies, outlining how they work, analyzing their risks, and identifying some ways in which governments and providers are attempting to reduce their attractiveness to financiers of terrorism. Determining what the actual risks are is critical to ensuring that laws and regulations balance both the need to protect integrity in the market and to create an environment friendly to business and empowering to the poor. The paper concludes that these new methods of payment do not offer particular usefulness to terrorist financiers. However, some of these channels could be attractive for general criminal abuse because they have an ambiguous place in the legal regime. Providers therefore, may not know about or elect to properly mitigate risks. The industry is encouraged to work within itself to share information to prevent and detect criminal activity. Governments should consult with industry in deciding regulation and industry should notify government prior to rolling out a new service. This will make government oversight more effective. Lastly, since many of these services are international in scope, government coordination and awareness rising is central. 2012-03-19T09:32:37Z 2012-04-04T07:43:52Z 2012-03-19T09:32:37Z 2012-04-04T07:43:52Z 2010 http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000333038_20100105024650 978-0-8213-8086-4 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/2400 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/5918 English World Bank Working Paper ; No. 174 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo World Bank World Bank Publications & Research :: Publication Publications & Research :: Publication