Energy balance determination of crop evapotranspiration using a wireless sensor network
Determining crop evapotranspiration (ET) is essential for managing water at various scales, from regional water accounting to farm irrigation. Quantification of ET may be carried out by several procedures, being eddy covariance and energy balance the most established methods among the research community. One major limitation is the high cost of the sensors included in the eddy covariance or energy balance systems. We report here the development of a simpler device (CORDOVA-ET: COnductance Recording Device for Observation and VAlidation of ET) to determine crop ET based on industrial-grade, commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) sensors costing far less than research-grade sensors. The CORDOVA-ET contains a sensor package that integrates the basic micrometeorological instrumentation and the infrared temperature sensors required for estimating ET over crops using the energy balance approach. One novel feature is the presence of four different nodes that allow the determination of ET in four different locations within a field or in four different fields of the same crop, thus allowing an assessment of ET spatial variability. The system was conceived as an open-source and hardware alternative to commercial devices, using a collaborative approach for the development of a regional ET network in countries of North Africa and the Near East. Comparisons of radiation, temperature, humidity, and wind against those of research-grade sensors yielded excellent results, with coefficients of correlation (R2) above 0.96. The estimated reference ET calculated from these measurements showed R2 = 0.99 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.22 mm/day. The infrared temperature measurements at the four different nodes showed an RMSE below 0.56°C. The energy balance components and estimates of ET from the CORDOVA-ET were validated against an eddy-covariance system over a wheat crop. The high (R2) for net radiation (0.98), sensible heat (0.88), and latent heat (0.86) showed good agreement between the modeled energy fluxes and the field measurements. The hardware components, acquisition, and data processing software are available as open-source repositories to facilitate adoption for different applications, from water use efficiency research to irrigation management.
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Frontiers Media
2023-10-16
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Subjects: | Sensor networks, Energy balance, Evapotranspiration, Instrumentation, Irrigation management, |
Online Access: | http://hdl.handle.net/10261/342205 http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100011011 https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/85175376367 |
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dig-ias-es-10261-3422052024-05-14T20:50:30Z Energy balance determination of crop evapotranspiration using a wireless sensor network Jiménez-Berni, José A. Cabello-Leblic, Arantxa López-Guerrero, Alicia Villalobos, Francisco J. Testi, Luca Fereres Castiel, Elías Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency Junta de Andalucía Universidad de Córdoba (España) Sensor networks Energy balance Evapotranspiration Instrumentation Irrigation management Determining crop evapotranspiration (ET) is essential for managing water at various scales, from regional water accounting to farm irrigation. Quantification of ET may be carried out by several procedures, being eddy covariance and energy balance the most established methods among the research community. One major limitation is the high cost of the sensors included in the eddy covariance or energy balance systems. We report here the development of a simpler device (CORDOVA-ET: COnductance Recording Device for Observation and VAlidation of ET) to determine crop ET based on industrial-grade, commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) sensors costing far less than research-grade sensors. The CORDOVA-ET contains a sensor package that integrates the basic micrometeorological instrumentation and the infrared temperature sensors required for estimating ET over crops using the energy balance approach. One novel feature is the presence of four different nodes that allow the determination of ET in four different locations within a field or in four different fields of the same crop, thus allowing an assessment of ET spatial variability. The system was conceived as an open-source and hardware alternative to commercial devices, using a collaborative approach for the development of a regional ET network in countries of North Africa and the Near East. Comparisons of radiation, temperature, humidity, and wind against those of research-grade sensors yielded excellent results, with coefficients of correlation (R2) above 0.96. The estimated reference ET calculated from these measurements showed R2 = 0.99 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.22 mm/day. The infrared temperature measurements at the four different nodes showed an RMSE below 0.56°C. The energy balance components and estimates of ET from the CORDOVA-ET were validated against an eddy-covariance system over a wheat crop. The high (R2) for net radiation (0.98), sensible heat (0.88), and latent heat (0.86) showed good agreement between the modeled energy fluxes and the field measurements. The hardware components, acquisition, and data processing software are available as open-source repositories to facilitate adoption for different applications, from water use efficiency research to irrigation management. Support through the FAO’s project titled “Implementing the 2030 Agenda for Water Efficiency/Productivity and Water Sustainability in NENA Countries” (GCP/RNE/009/SWE) funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA). Additional funding was provided by Grupo PAIDI AGR-119, Junta de Andalucia and PP-RC-OPI-MODEXTREME-DU.01.3J.21.02 (Universidad de Cordoba, Spain). Peer reviewed 2024-01-11T16:12:34Z 2024-01-11T16:12:34Z 2023-10-16 artículo http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 Frontiers in Agronomy 5: 1244633 (2023) http://hdl.handle.net/10261/342205 10.3389/fagro.2023.1244633 2673-3218 http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100011011 2-s2.0-85175376367 https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/85175376367 en Publisher's version The underlying dataset has been published as supplementary material of the article in the publisher platform at DOI https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2023.1244633 https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2023.1244633 Sí open application/pdf Frontiers Media |
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Sensor networks Energy balance Evapotranspiration Instrumentation Irrigation management Sensor networks Energy balance Evapotranspiration Instrumentation Irrigation management Jiménez-Berni, José A. Cabello-Leblic, Arantxa López-Guerrero, Alicia Villalobos, Francisco J. Testi, Luca Fereres Castiel, Elías Energy balance determination of crop evapotranspiration using a wireless sensor network |
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Determining crop evapotranspiration (ET) is essential for managing water at various scales, from regional water accounting to farm irrigation. Quantification of ET may be carried out by several procedures, being eddy covariance and energy balance the most established methods among the research community. One major limitation is the high cost of the sensors included in the eddy covariance or energy balance systems. We report here the development of a simpler device (CORDOVA-ET: COnductance Recording Device for Observation and VAlidation of ET) to determine crop ET based on industrial-grade, commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) sensors costing far less than research-grade sensors. The CORDOVA-ET contains a sensor package that integrates the basic micrometeorological instrumentation and the infrared temperature sensors required for estimating ET over crops using the energy balance approach. One novel feature is the presence of four different nodes that allow the determination of ET in four different locations within a field or in four different fields of the same crop, thus allowing an assessment of ET spatial variability. The system was conceived as an open-source and hardware alternative to commercial devices, using a collaborative approach for the development of a regional ET network in countries of North Africa and the Near East. Comparisons of radiation, temperature, humidity, and wind against those of research-grade sensors yielded excellent results, with coefficients of correlation (R2) above 0.96. The estimated reference ET calculated from these measurements showed R2 = 0.99 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.22 mm/day. The infrared temperature measurements at the four different nodes showed an RMSE below 0.56°C. The energy balance components and estimates of ET from the CORDOVA-ET were validated against an eddy-covariance system over a wheat crop. The high (R2) for net radiation (0.98), sensible heat (0.88), and latent heat (0.86) showed good agreement between the modeled energy fluxes and the field measurements. The hardware components, acquisition, and data processing software are available as open-source repositories to facilitate adoption for different applications, from water use efficiency research to irrigation management. |
author2 |
Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency |
author_facet |
Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency Jiménez-Berni, José A. Cabello-Leblic, Arantxa López-Guerrero, Alicia Villalobos, Francisco J. Testi, Luca Fereres Castiel, Elías |
format |
artículo |
topic_facet |
Sensor networks Energy balance Evapotranspiration Instrumentation Irrigation management |
author |
Jiménez-Berni, José A. Cabello-Leblic, Arantxa López-Guerrero, Alicia Villalobos, Francisco J. Testi, Luca Fereres Castiel, Elías |
author_sort |
Jiménez-Berni, José A. |
title |
Energy balance determination of crop evapotranspiration using a wireless sensor network |
title_short |
Energy balance determination of crop evapotranspiration using a wireless sensor network |
title_full |
Energy balance determination of crop evapotranspiration using a wireless sensor network |
title_fullStr |
Energy balance determination of crop evapotranspiration using a wireless sensor network |
title_full_unstemmed |
Energy balance determination of crop evapotranspiration using a wireless sensor network |
title_sort |
energy balance determination of crop evapotranspiration using a wireless sensor network |
publisher |
Frontiers Media |
publishDate |
2023-10-16 |
url |
http://hdl.handle.net/10261/342205 http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100011011 https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/85175376367 |
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